Christian Worldview and Culture Essay

Today’s cultural landscape has been shaped by the likes of MTV (entertainment), Steve Jobs (technology), and Mark Zuckerberg (social networking). Society often prefers accepting the â€Å"worldviews† of these and other influential people, rather than hearing the message of the Good News of Jesus Christ which offers redemption to a â€Å"fallen† world. We cannot ignore the reality that a vast majority of cultural advancements are produced by â€Å"non-Christian culture-makers, who, as they become more self-conscious and consistent with their anti-Christian stance, will express their unbelief in their artifacts with increasing boldness. Christians cannot dismiss the impact and relevance these contributions have made on society. One of the great challenges believers are confronted with is developing an understanding of the importance of expressing and sharing our Christian worldview in the midst of various competing ideologies. One of the hidden ideologies that secular culture promotes is that we can â€Å"take care of ourselves† thus, refuting any notion that we are dependent on Christ to meet every human need, including the need for salvation. Christian disengagement from culture is contrary to Christ’s example of Incarnation. Christ did not consider human culture unworthy of his attention and love. He set aside his divinity and put on human flesh so that he could engage us on a social and cultural level. The great commission is an affirmation of Christ’s desire for his followers to â€Å"go into all the word†, engaging culture and preaching the gospel. What is â€Å"Culture†? Culture can be defined using three different approaches: agricultural, sociological, and anthropological. The agricultural approach to defining culture â€Å"is derived from the Latin cultura†¦ meaning to plow or till. † Culture is understood from a farming or agricultural perspective which entails the â€Å"practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock. † The reference to someone being â€Å"cultured† is drawn from this farming metaphor. Education in this sense is the â€Å"cultivation† of the mind. The sociological approach to defining culture deals with social class distinctions of â€Å"high† (elite) and â€Å"low† (mass) culture. This aesthetic standpoint is mainly concerned with the â€Å"intellectual and artistic achievements of a society. † High culture is associated with the highest ideals of what is (in a subjective sense) â€Å"good†. A cultured person is one who has been acquainted with and educated in the â€Å"finer things† of art, literature, music, etiquette, socialization, as so on. The anthropological perspective regarding culture is concerned with â€Å"the whole way of life of a group or society, not just its better achievements. † Unlike the sociological perspective, this approach does not make distinctions between sophisticated and primitive social groups. It simply acknowledges that all â€Å"activity† which is produced by a social group (texts, art, music, food, artifacts, philosophy, ethics, etc. is that group’s culture. H. Richard Niebuhr states, â€Å"[S]ocial life is always cultural† and culture is the product of â€Å"human achievement†. Humanity Was Created For â€Å"Good Works† Culture, as expressed by the creativity of human activity, is a reflection of God who Himself is a creative being. Human understanding of order and beauty is only possible because of God’s magnificent creation of the heavens and the earth. God validated the beauty of creation when He â€Å"saw all that he had made†¦ was very good† (Genesis 1:31). Man and woman were created in the divine image and likeness (imago dei) of God and were entrusted by God to care for and tend to His creation. Man was given the responsibility of â€Å"cultivating† the Garden of Eden and in doing so bringing glory to the Creator. Here we should take notice between the similarities of the word cultura (plow, till) and cultus which is a â€Å"veneration of the divine†. This should give us a greater insight regarding how â€Å"the human race [was] called to interact deliberately with the earth—[working, tilling, cultivating]—while at the same time lovingly serving his divine Master†¦ and worshiping his Maker. Adam â€Å"performed his culturative activities in response to and as a reflection of God’s creative acts. † Competing Worldviews All of humanity’s artistic and creative works reflect the worldview of those who created them. As a result of the Fall the imago dei has become distorted, causing humanity to shift the focus of their creative and culturative activities away from exclusive worship to God. As a result humanity has developed â€Å"unholy motives†¦ even though superficially [our creative activities] may be of some benefit. Man’s creative outlet is disoriented—seeking to glorify himself through the works of his own hands. Once we understand that all human creative efforts are a reflection of the inner beliefs and values of the mind and spirit, we can assess the intention of human activity properly. The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11) was the product of human efforts to succeed, using human ability, independent of God. Today’s â€Å"pop† culture seeks to create a new Babel in which human achievement and technological advancement create the false notion that we can live independent of God, or even worse, have no need of God. Thus, culture always reflects a society’s religious and philosophical values, â€Å"[flowing] out of the heart—as it were—of the society which produces it. † A Christian worldview based on God’s Word will discern the â€Å"the ideological bias of the medium and ideological content of the message of non-Christian (and Christian) artifacts. † This is essential for the Christian because there is no neutrality in the message embedded in the works of man. We are not idle spectators, â€Å"[We] must take sides at all times in everything [we] do. † Christian Approach to Culture (Christ and Culture) There has been much debate as to the extent in which Christians are to engage the culture that we live and worship in. Should Christians adapt a Monastic approach secluding ourselves from society? Or, are we to engage the world in such manner that our Christian distinctiveness is lost? H. Richard Niebuhr, in his book Christ and Culture, suggests several â€Å"Christian answers to the problem of Christ and culture. † Niebuhr offers five approaches Christians have historically taken in an effort to understand their position in Christ and involvement with culture. These are: â€Å"Christ against culture,† â€Å"Christ of culture,† â€Å"Christ above culture,† â€Å"Christ and culture in paradox,† and â€Å"Christ the transformer of culture. † The â€Å"Christ against culture† approach proposes that loyalty to Christ is a â€Å"rejection of cultural society†. He critiques this stance as a â€Å"radically Christian answer to the problem of culture†. Indeed, it is impossible for a Christian, or any person, to totally reject and remove themselves from the influence of and involvement with culture. God has taken the opposite approach. He did not reject the world when Adam sinned, but rather engaged the world and put into motion the plan of redemption through Jesus Christ. Christ stepped into our earthly realm and became subject to the influences and temptations of human culture â€Å"yet was without sin† (Hebrews 4:15). Christ’s relationship to culture was to use the elements of culture to reveal God the Father and the Kingdom of Heaven to fallen humanity. The second model, â€Å"Christ of culture,† is the opposite of the â€Å"against culture† model. It seeks social and cultural engagement with the world. It attempts to make the gospel meaningful to society by extending its reach beyond â€Å"a selected little band of saints† and is able to engage those of â€Å"high† and â€Å"low† social strata. While the effort to make Christ a part of culture may reach those who would remain otherwise unreached, there is a susceptibility to â€Å"distort the figure of the New Testament Jesus† in an effort to accommodate a social-gospel agenda. This is done by relegating Jesus into what we need him to be in an attempt to address our social and cultural problems. Jesus is a great humanitarian if we are fighting for human rights or a great teacher if we are engaged in philosophical debate. Again, this model can be useful in reaching out to the culture, but we cannot compromise the truthfulness of the gospel for a specific social agenda. The third paradigm is â€Å"Christ above culture†. This view proposes that â€Å"the fundamental issue does not lie between Christ and the world†¦ but between God and man. † By placing Christ at the center, and not against culture, this approach avoids separating â€Å"the experience of grace from cultural activity†. There are three distinct groups in this category: â€Å"synthesists,† â€Å"dualists,† and â€Å"conversionists†. Synthesists affirm â€Å"Christ and culture† (both/and) rejecting a â€Å"Christ or culture† (either/or) approach. They maintain that Jesus â€Å"is both God and man, one person with two natures† and that the works of human nature cannot be separated from the grace of God, â€Å"for all those works are possible only by grace. † Essentially, Christ cannot be against culture because God created nature. Likewise Christ’s incarnation allowed him to actively participate nd engage with the culture of his day. One area that could lead to problems in this approach is by synthesizing Christ and culture in such a manner where Christ becomes subservient to culture. If culture assumes the dominant role in this synthesis, the Church will risk becoming more â€Å"cultural† and less Christ-like because it has elevated culture to the same status as Christ through whom all things were made and exist and â€Å"without him nothing was made that has been made† (John1:3). The dualist approach sees â€Å"Christ and culture in paradox†. This view â€Å"makes sharp distinctions between the temporal and the spiritual life, or between what is external and internal, between body and soul, between the reign of Christ and the world of human works and culture. † There is a line drawn between God and â€Å"us†. In the dualist’s view all of human culture is fallen. For dualists the works of Christians within the church and non-Christians outside of the church are equally corrupt. The dualists are in a state of paradox since they cannot reconcile the concept of â€Å"law† and â€Å"grace†. They fail to realize that Christ came to earth to remove the line of separation between man and God. As Christians we must understand that while the world is in a fallen state and under â€Å"law†, at the same time it is under â€Å"grace† and we are to â€Å"go into all the world and preach the good news to all creation† (Mark 16:15). The third group that embraces a â€Å"Christ above culture† paradigm is the conversionists. â€Å"What distinguishes conversionists from dualists is their more positive and hopeful attitude toward culture. Conversionists see Christ as the transformer of culture. They embrace the redemptive work of Christ in the here and now. They are not looking to some eschatological future where one day they all will be restored. The conversionists have a hopeful outlook regarding culture and look forward to its restoration from a corrupt state. â€Å"Christ transforms the fallen culture in that â€Å"he redirects, reinvigorates, and re generates† the life of man from a corrupted state. Once man has been regenerated, he will produce â€Å"good works†. The transformative power of Christ in the life of fallen humanity redeems us: â€Å"For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them† (Eph. 2:10). It is not our works which cause us to be redeemed but rather, our works are a testimony to the world that we are no longer bound by the curse of sin and corruption. Conclusion Because we live in a period of world history that offers the greatest tools and opportunities for cultural engagement, we cannot ignore the importance of understanding Christ role, through the Church, in today’s culture. To engage with culture, theology and ecclesiology needs to be both critical and artistic†¦ such engagements require theology to be open to the insights of cultural studies and alert to the ways in which contemporary culture is shaping religion. † Social networking sites, email, iPhones, cable TV, movies, music, art, and literature are the vehicles th at are being used to promote the beliefs and values of our society. Satan has done a great job in using culture to enslave society, tempting us to sin and forfeit our relationship with God our Creator. Our fleshly appetites are satisfied by images of sexuality, greed, power, and self-assertion. The danger of a culturally advanced society is that it seeks to replace God with its achievements. It seeks salvation, joy, peace, and prosperity via its own human efforts and imaginations. Because we have been brought from â€Å"darkness to light† we must shine the light of the gospel of Christ by engaging the culture in which we live, work, play, and worship. For this reason, every Christian must â€Å"seize the opportunity that the contemporary circumstances present to us and boldly set out to transform the earth. †

Importance Of Energy Efficiency In Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

The World Business Council for sustainable development ( WBCSD ) identifies edifices as one of the chief sectors where â€Å" megatrends † are needed to transform the manner is energy used. The International Energy Agency ( IEA ) estimates that current tendencies in energy demand for edifices will excite about half of energy supply investings till 2030. The fuel crises in 1972-73 generated worldwide attempts to conserve fossil fuel and research for the alternate beginnings of energy. The usage of energy in edifices has increased in recent old ages due to the turning demand for warming and chilling in edifices. Though betterments have been made towards accomplishing energy efficiency in edifices, nevertheless, there is a demand for a more incorporate attack.[ I ] Buildings are responsible for at least 40-50 % of energy usage in most states. The absolute figure is lifting fast, as building roars, particularly in developed states such as China, UAE and India. It is indispensable to move now, because edifices can do a major part to undertaking clime alteration.[ two ] Today in modern edifices Heating, Lighting, Ventilation and Air-conditioning systems are required to be more energy efficient while adhering to an ever-increasing demand for better indoor air quality and public presentation. Researchers believe that it is possible to obtain nest eggs of around 30 % through the usage of new and better design techniques and tools. Most of these nest eggs are based on an incorporate system design attack. The focal point of Architectural pattern has remained â€Å" object devising † and small attending is being paid to analysing the public presentation of the edifice. Though many tools are available to entree the energy public presentation of edifices, nevertheless, there usage has remained really limited.2.1.1 Importance of Energy Efficiency in BuildingsIntegrating energy efficient design features into edifices has become a top precedence in recent old ages. Because energy-efficient edifices cut down both resource depletion and the inauspicious environmental impacts of pollution generated by energy production, it is frequently considered to be the basis of sustainable design. Low energy edifice design is non merely the consequence of using one or more stray engineerings. Rather, requires protagonism and action on the portion of the design squad throughout the full undertaking development procedure. The whole-building attack is easy worth the clip and attempt, as it can salvage 30 % or more in energy costs over a conventional edifice design. Indeed, one of the cardinal attacks for energy efficient design is to put in the edifice ‘s signifier and enclosure ( e.g. , Windowss, walls ) so that the warming, chilling, and illuming tonss are reduced, and in bend, smaller, less dearly-won warming, ventilating, and air conditioning systems are needed. In planing energy efficient edifices, it is of import to appreciate that the underlying intent of the edifice is neither to salvage nor utilize energy. Rather, the edifice is at that place to function the residents and their activities. An apprehension of edifice tenancy and activities can take to constructing designs that non merely salvage energy and cut down costs, but besides better resident comfort and workplace public presentation. As such, low-energy edifice design is a critical constituent of sustainable, green & A ; energy efficient design. The energy efficient design procedure begins when the residents ‘ demands are assessed and a undertaking budget is established. The proposed edifice is carefully sited and its programmed infinites are carefully arranged to cut down energy usage for warming, chilling, and illuming. Its warming and chilling tonss are minimized by planing standard edifice elements windows, walls, and roofs so that they control, collect, and store the Sun ‘s energy to optimal advantage. These inactive solar design schemes besides require that peculiar attending be paid to constructing orientation and glazing. Take together, they form the footing of integrated, whole edifice design. Finally, by integrating edifice incorporate photovoltaics into the installation, some conventional edifice envelope stuffs can be replaced by energy bring forthing engineerings. For illustration, photovoltaics can be integrated into window, wall, or roof assemblies, and spandrel glass, fanlights, and roof become bo th portion of the edifice tegument and a beginning of power coevals.2.1.2 Scope of Energy Efficiency in PakistanPakistan faces really serious energy jobs particularly for the last one decennary. Its energy resources base is limited. Its domestic production will non maintain gait with the rise in demand. Energy sector experts estimate that by the mid of 2010, the demand of electricity would be about 22,000 megawatts. This figure points at the built-in deficit of about 3,000 megawatts even if the installed capacity performs the best. During the extremum season, this deficit could make anyplace from 4,000 to 6,000 megawatts. Pakistan produces electricity with three beginnings i.e. hydroelectric ( 6,463 megawatts, 33 % ) , thermic ( 12,580 megawatts, 65 % ) and atomic ( 462 megawatts, 2 % ) . Because of the H2O deficit in winter, the potency of hydroelectric powers falls dramatically. Load direction plan is traveling on during the whole twelvemonth ; the job has intensified in the last twosome of old ages. Besides the economic and fiscal attempt associated with the enlargement of the electricity sector, there is a demand to develop a guideline for the maximal use of the energy resources we have. As the edifice sector including Industries, Commercial & As ; Office Buildings, Domestic edifices, devour 76 % electricity ; the edifices should be addressed decently sing the energy efficiency. National edifice codifications that include energy efficiency considerations can be an effectual tool to guarantee the edifices efficiency for minimal energy ingestion.2.2 Focus ProblemIn Pakistan increased population, industrialisation and commercial activities has generated an energy demand. A However, a critical rating would uncover that most of the current edifices are non designed maintaining in position the local climatic conditions. Excessive usage of concrete and glass, high degrees of light and heavy trust on infinite conditioning equipment are a common characteristic of our edifices. These edi fices need excess energy to be made comfy for their residents. So there is a demand to turn to the energy issues related to these edifices at their conceptual phase.2.3 Area of FocusIn Pakistan a broad scope of commercial / office edifices, get downing from a individual floor construction to high rise multi floor edifices. Sing the range of work, it is non possible to spread out the research canvas for all edifice types. The current research will be focused to research the energy issues merely in high rise office edifices.2.4 AimsThe chief aim of the research is to look into the undermentioned schemes ; To look into which edifice constituents and systems are responsible for energy ingestion in high rise office edifices. To place how much energy is consumed in such edifices. To place tools that may used for the appraisal of energy public presentation in edifices.2.5 Research MethodologyMethodology or usage of different methods is needed to accomplish the chief aim of research. A wide scope of information was needed. Much of this was done from assorted books, literature, and research repapers. Some trouble was encountered in the hunt of suited energy imitating tool for the intent of energy simulation of the selected instance surveies. Finally â€Å" eQuest † was selected for energy simulation tool ; as it is really effectual for constructing energy simulation with friendly graphical user interface. A elaborate survey is carried out with the aid of the user ‘s manual to understand the package before its application on the instance surveies. An country in Lahore is identified for the choice of instance surveies. Two office edifices were selected on the footing of research aims. A field study was besides carried out to analyze the selected countries of the metropolis of Lahore The energy simulation procedure requires a informations aggregation from all related advisers of the selected edifices. Before the choice of a instance survey it was really of import that all concerned informations required for the package â€Å" eQuest † should be available from the related advisers.

Saudi Arabia in the 19th Century: Customs, Culture, and Traditions

The development of Saudi Arabia as a state revolves around different historical, cultural, and societal changes that transpired in the 19th century. The period is considered important in the nation’s history because it establishes the political, economic and social sphere. That is why to better understand Saudi Arabia’s history one must look at these areas to appreciate the role of history and people in the development of a nation. Given these aspects, Saudi Arabia in the 19th century caters to the developments that shaped the country to become a modern state and includes areas related to religion, culture, and lifestyle. Political and Economic History To better identify Saudi Arabia in the 19th century, one must look at its political and economic history. Through this process, it can be seen how the country evolved into a modern state and what factors remained important in shaping what Saudi Arabia is now. Tracing its political structure, Saudi Arabia was influenced by the Ottoman Empire and the Al Saud Wahhabi emirate particularly in the area of Najd (Al-Rasheed, 2002, p. 14). The process here then revolves around the different campaigns of Saud as he sought to expand the territory conquering different areas. Among successful campaigns during the 19th century were Mecca, Medina, Egypt and Syria (Weston, 2008, p. 103). The second influential aspect of change in Saudi politics takes into account the development of the second Saudi State. From the period of 1824-1887 there were military campaigns that have sought to legitimize expansion and influence of the al-Saud family and promote the Wahhabi legacy among communities in the Middle East. Though these political campaigns were not as wide, it provided stability among territories that each family/group controls. In particular, Weston (2008) provides that â€Å"it kept the Wahhabi movement alive, ready to influence Muslims again in the twentieth century – and in the twenty first† (p. 107). On the other hand, the economic developments during the 19th century revolved around conventional trading patterns and barter. Prior to the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia, the 19th century featured trade involving caravans’ transportation of agricultural goods among different areas. Specifically, spices are traveled into specific trade routes and create opportunities among different merchants to sell items (Saudi Embassy, 2010). Also, there are also various goods that are most sought after by different communities especially the rich ones. Saudi Embassy (2010) points out that â€Å"these items included almonds from Taif, dates from the many oases, and aromatics such as frankincense and myrrh from the Tihama plain† (p. 1). Lifestyle, Trends, and Community Development Looking at the lifestyle and trends of the Arab people in the 19th century, it can be seen that people determine their identity according to the factions they belong to. Since specific boundaries and determination of the state at that time has not yet been established, groups and communities continue to be a way to differentiate one from another (Federal Research Division, 2004). This then enables better ways for people to communicate and interact with one another. Also, this is used to create associations and relationships with different tribes and pattern lifestyle according to this idea. Similarly, since the inhabitants of the Saudi Arabia live in the desert, they had to equally adjust to the weather and climate. Due to this, their clothing and manner of travel among communities remain to be the same. Specifically, people wear long piece of clothing both in the body and head to protect them from the harsh winds, hot sunlight, and cold weather at night (Long, 2005). At the same time, they also wear sandals to keep them cool and comfortable during travels and their daily work. Moreover, groups also take care of camels because it serves as an instrument for travel and trade (Long, 2005). With regards to community development, it can be seen that settlement continued to occur along the oases present in the Saudi Arabia’s desert. Here communities are sustained by the availability of drinking water and also serve as protection against other tribes who may pose as a threat to the security of its inhabitants (Al-Rasheed, 2002). Likewise, the place is used to develop food supplies and sustain community growth. Under this process, this provided stability among communities and helped them develop a specific customs, traditions, and culture. Specifically, Saudi Embassy (2010) argues that â€Å"settlements became more permanent, leading to the foundations of what we call civilization – language, writing, political systems, art and architecture. Religion and Culture It can be argued that the spread of Islam in the Middle East particularly in Saudi Arabia served as an important process that shape the culture of communities and groups within the region. Specifically, customs, traditions, and how people behave is rooted in the rules provided by the Koran and the Muslim faith (Federal Research Division, 2004). These Islamic rules and expectations provided believers a guide on how to live their life and determine establish relationships with other people. Seeing this, it can be argued that Islam provided a huge mark in the Middle East and shaped how people interact and relate ideals with one another. In particular, religious customs revolved around the five pillars of Islam. These five pillars symbolized how people should interact with one another and become good followers of Allah (Long, 2005). One concrete example of this is the practice of Hajj. This involves an obligation for any Moslem to visit the holy city of Mecca and renew their religious commitment to their faith (Al-Rasheed, 2002). Other expectations also include the manner of worship, observance of fasting and abstinence during Ramadan. Lastly, Moslem culture can also be seen in Muslim art and architecture. Their influence help shaped the depiction of the arts which includes poetry, dance, literature, and language. Specifically, the development of a universal language in the Middle East (Arabic) created opportunities to unify and create communities of faith. In essence, these common elements shaped the further development of Saudi Arabia’s culture in the 19th century and strengthened how people identify themselves (Long, 2005). Important Personalities One important personality who was essential in the development of Saudi Arabia as a modern nation state was Shaikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab. It can be seen that he both a leader and scholar of the Wahhabi faction. During his leadership, he sought to promote the restoration of the traditions and customs of the original principles of Islam (Weston, 2008). His influence provided the necessary means to create unification among different communities and sought to establish order on how Muslims view the teachings of the Koran and applying it in their religious life and other affairs such as politics. Another important figure during this era was Muhammad bin Saud. He was the emirate of Diryah. His contributions to Saudi Arabia’s history was that he founded the first Saudi state and coordinated his efforts in protecting and pursuing the restoration of the Islam among the Muslim communities in the Arabian peninsula (Saudi Embassy, 2010). Through his effort he was able to stabilize the region until his defeat in 1818 with the invasion of the Ottoman Turks. The last relevant figure that shaped Saudi Arabia’s political history in the 19th century was Turki bins Abdullah Al-Saud. He was the one responsible for creating the Second Saudi State and legitimized the formulation of specific laws and mandates that are still applied today (Weston, 2008). Through his leadership, he transferred the capital city from Diryah to Riyadh and sought to re-establish the control of territories lost during the fall of the first Saudi State (Saudi Embassy, 2010). His efforts remain to be crucial because he started the transformation of Saudi Arabia into becoming prosperous and successful on various aspects related to economic growth and political stability. Conclusion To conclude, the 19th century proved to be an important period for Saudi Arabia politically and socially. This is because it is in this time that the nation state was created. Similarly, this era shaped the ability to shift and develop new political ideals and the birth of a nation state. This also was an important time for redefining the tenets of Islam as it applies to Saudi’s culture and beliefs. Lastly, the leadership of key political figures served as important channel in establishing balance and control in areas of politics, economy and society, shaping the region during the period. All these elements in turn are all beneficial to what Saudi Arabia is today in both the Middle East and the World.

Women and Work in Canada ( WGST345 ) Assignment

Women and Work in Canada ( WGST345 ) - Assignment Example This interview report will be designed keeping in the mind the topics covered in the course. The respondent I choose to be interviewed is a highly educated 40 years old working woman and a housewife. She completed her MBA in marketing 15-years back from a reputable university. After her graduation, she worked as a management trainee in an Instructional Designing department of a software house for 6 months. After completing her training she joined as an Instructional Designer in a multinational organization. Looking at her financial needs and market value she switched her job and joined as a Lead Instructional Designer in another multinational company. She then continued her career in different organizations and currently she is working as a Senior Instructional Designer in a health care unit. It was important to know that she did not work in isolation; she also got married 10 years ago and now lives with her husband and two children. This respondent was chosen for interview because of two reasons. Firstly she was fulfilling all the requirements that were required for the interviewee. For instance, she is a woman whom I have seen doing paid and unpaid work since last many years and she has an extensive working experience for doing paid and unpaid work. Second, I have always found her frank and cooperative so I was sure that she will agree for the interview and comfortably discuss her work conditions. Indeed she will be happy that I chose her for sharing her thoughts and experiences. I had clear goals in mind when I approached the lady for this interview. My main goal was to focus on her paid and unpaid work that she has previously done and doing today. I wanted to have detailed discussion with her in an informal manner regarding her work routines and responsibilities. Additionally, I was also interested in knowing her views about the issues that working women face in Canadian society: gender discrimination, equity

High school sports personal to myself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

High school sports personal to myself - Essay Example During my freshman year of high school I had just moved to a new town and did not know many people. Upon joining the high school baseball team I was able to meet and interact with a wide variety of individuals. This allowed me to become fully integrated into my high school as well as the new community. I recognize that having the opportunity to interact with a number of individuals under a common interest was a very beneficial element for my life. It greatly boosted my self-esteem and confidence. The structure of high school sports was also a highly beneficial element for my life. Everyday after school I attended practice and participated in rigorous exercise. Now that I am in college I recognize that not having this structure and regular exercise effects other aspects of my life. I have now been required to fill in these elements on my own. Having this regular structure in my life I believe was good for my general health and motivation. While it may appear counter-intuitive, the mor e active I was the more energy I generally had. This motivation affected other aspects of my life, such that I approached it with strength and vigor. Since leaving the high school baseball team I have been forced to struggle to fill these elements.

Artproduct Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Artproduct Design - Essay Example Network society encompasses cultural, political, economic and social changes that resulted from broadening of the digital sphere of information, networking and communication technology developments. Network society focuses on elaborating effects of industrial entrepreneurship and modernization (Hassan 2004, p. 8). It is a society in which economic, social, political and cultural structures organization, constitutes electronic information systems. Network culture encompasses socio-economic, political and cultural networks management and processing based on micro-electronic technologies. Network culture represents the convergence of independent processes as information technology, restructured capitalism and socio-cultural movements. Information technology changes formed the foundation of network culture creation (Whelan 2013, p. 64). It is a representation of a new social structure, culture and a new economic structure. Centralization of these structures forms the network society around networks in which there is free multidirectional communication. Power of the network society exists in the global system itself. Global network comprises wealth, images, and information that revolve around the world. Network society has various characteristics including expanded access to information, high performance of the global, national and regional economies, network enterprise, culture of real virtuality, social polarization and space flows. Network society has its foundation in information capitalism. Information capitalism centers economic activities such as production and distribution on innovation, flexibility and technological skills. For instance, use of computerized technology in industrial production, marketing or distribution. Competitiveness and productivity of firms, regions, and countries depends largely on informational advances. Information technology

Ernesto Che Guevara, Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ernesto Che Guevara, Latin America - Essay Example On the other side, most representatives of the U.S. government overseas have always displayed a powerful ideological commitment, and never more so than during the Cold War years of the 1960s. They are often criticized, in fact, for taking a messianic approach to diplomacy. Their ideology encompasses individualism, personal rights, equal opportunity, popular democracy, and free-enterprise economics, despite whatever gaps may exist at home between ideals and reality (Llosa 45). In Cuba, 'Che' Guevara's legacy is found in spying and high number of suicides among young people, revolutionary ideas of workers and peasants, and their fighting against the government. Today, many young people in Latin America follow his ideas and ideology believing in the guerilla struggle and strike actions. In Cuba, 'Che' Guevara's ideology is still valued and followed by young people who struggle for social transformations and democratic freedoms (Anderson 161). Che' Guevara's ideology determines the social processes by which citizens and elites construct democratic state institutional structures through collective forms of organization (political parties, civic associations, social movements). Given the historical, centralized executive control over elections and the checking of the legitimacy of electoral outcomes in single-party regimes. Following Anderson (1998), the most important was "his literary legacy to Cub and a means to ensure that revolutionary principles he stood for survived on the island" (653). Guevara not only had challenged the orthodox communists' attitude toward revolution for nearly a decade but also in the process had incurred widespread... In Cuba, ‘Che’ Guevara’s ideology is still valued and followed by young people who struggle for social transformations and democratic freedoms. Che’ Guevara’s ideology determines the social processes by which citizens and elites construct democratic state institutional structures through collective forms of organization. Given the historical, centralized executive control over elections and the checking of the legitimacy of electoral outcomes in single-party regimes. Following Anderson, the most important were â€Å"his literary legacy to Cub and a means to ensure that revolutionary principles he stood for survived on the island†.Guevara not only had challenged the orthodox communists' attitude toward revolution for nearly a decade but also in the process had incurred widespread hostility. The Congo expedition might have provided Cuba with the revolutionary success it sought, but it had clearly failed. When it did, Havana returned its focus to its home turf. The Cubans had long made efforts throughout Latin America to create a sustainable revolution, doing so with relatively minor investments of men, training guerrillas from abroad, sending arms overseas, dispatching advisers to nascent rebellions.on 461).

How have ideas of realism been conceptualized and put into practice by Essay

How have ideas of realism been conceptualized and put into practice by filmakers - Essay Example Not much thought is put on the location and angle of the cameras taking the shots but instead the filming is more or less left to run its course with the cameras just there to capture and take shots . At times which is mostly most of the time, the shots taken end up being not crispy or fine, but this is the intension since it encourages the audience a more involved mental participation since it allows them to explore and appreciate the full complexity and richness of the shots. Another important thing to note in realist films is the simplicity of its editing which is as much as possible kept to the minimal side this is because it is believed that too much editing influences the audiences interpretation in only one way since a lot of the choices and decisions tend to be made at the editing stage. Good examples of films which are more or less realist in style are documentaries. This is due to the fact that they showcase events that have occurred in the past and they tend to bring out these events in a manner that is understandable by the viewer with minimal if any manipulation in terms of the story line or the artistic part of the film. In this article we are majorly concerned with the Italian and British realism and how their ideas were used in filmmaking. First of all we can define Italia realism as a kind of organization that had a national impact in terms of the films they produced and told to its audience such that they were majorly concerned with what was happening in the society be it the poor and working class relationships, to their day to day life not forgetting the things that affected them as poverty, social injustice just but to name a few. In the British realism case it was more of a movement of rebellion rather that an organization whose main concern was to cut off completely the effects that foreign filmmakers like Hollywood was having on its filmmaking industry. To them it was a means to a cause where they envisioned a time where local concerned and styles would be addressed in filmmaking rather than the normal procedures and styles that the likes of Hollywood had brought out as the order of event. We shall take a look at the various characteristics and properties that entailed neorealism films with the issues such as on location filming instead of studio setups coming up, making of films in a documentary kind of style, use of social content when it came to writing film scripts among other issues like the use of non-professional actors. These are just but a few of the points that shall guide us in the analysis of the same. Also to take note is that in the Italian realism analysis we shall use our case study film as the Bicycle thieves film

Childhood model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Childhood model - Essay Example Obese children should learn from healthy children through observation. In addition, they should be encouraged to adapt the requisite behaviors. Lastly, they should believe in their ability to change. Social cognitive theory came about because of the work conducted in the field of social learning theory advocated by Miller and Dollard in 1941. The theory has been applied in marketing where celebrities are used to introduce a product to a given demographic. A good example is the use of Drogba as the brand ambassador for Samsung in Africa. Students who perform well are rewarded with presents at the end of the academic year while those who exhibit good behavior are rewarded with leadership positions. The influence of the media is associated with social cognitive theory. People embrace behavior that is rewarded and shun what is punished (Ross, Lepper and Ward, 2010). Social cognitive theories are applied in the training of nurses and in their day-to-day responsibilities. Self-efficacy highlights an individual’s confidence in his or her ability to perform and master tasks. A student with a higher self-efficacy handles the Foley catheter with relative ease while one with a low self-efficacy would struggle handling

Retiring Abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Retiring Abroad - Essay Example this new trend of retiring abroad, especially in the aftermath of the global financial meltdown that decimated home values and ravaged many accounts. Many people continue living where they live because of their work. When they retire, they make the ultimate decision of moving to a place where they will feel more comfortable and where their money will last (Knowledge). According to Social Security Administration’s annual statistical supplement, the exact number of Americans retirees receiving social security benefits outside the United States is 350,000. The majority of these individuals are finding their way to countries like Ecuador, Mexico, Canada and the UK (Edwards & Daniels 101). This number is expected to increase with 4 million baby boomers already making plans to retire abroad (Edwards & Daniels 100). The main driving force behind this new trend shown by retirees is financial security. According to the confidence survey of 2014, only 14 percent of the workers indicated that they were confident of having enough funds to live comfortably in the United States. This low level of confidence comes as a result of the global economic crisis that crushed the gains that had been made on the middle income household net worth. During this period, home price index went down by 23 percent (Knowledge). Retirement accounts that act as supplements to social security and other forms of retirement income were also not spared (Knowledge) The cost of living in such countries is much lower compared to the United States. For example, the rent in San Jose, a city in Costa Rica is 57 percent lower than in the city if Philadelphia (Knowledge para.8). Additionally, the prices for consumer goods are lower by 59 percent when the same city is compared to American cities. These benefits notwithstanding, the retirees need to know that that there are hidden charges that they need to consider before deciding to reside abroad. For instance, the imported goods in emerging markets are

Calculate the ratios for Ace Limited Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Calculate the ratios for Ace Limited - Essay Example Earnings per share ratio have been calculated to determine the ability of company to generate earning on each share outstanding. Since the company does not have any preferred shares therefore, all earnings have been generated on outstanding shares. The earning per share is $0.223 which means that company has generated $0.223 on each share outstanding. It shows the profitability of Ace limited because the company has been able to generate positive earnings for its shareholders. In order to determine how Ace Limited is leveraging its debt against the capital employed by the shareholders, this ratio has been calculated. The ratio shows that debt of the company is 0.0763 times of shareholders equity. In other words, Ace Limited has $0.0763 of debt and $1 in equity to meet its obligations. It means that the capital structure of the company primarily comes from the capital employed by shareholders and company is very less dependent on debt. The interest coverage ratio has been calculated to show the ability of the company to cover its interest expenses on outstanding debt. The value of the interest ratio is 254.3, which has been calculated by dividing the earnings before interest and tax with interest expense or finance cost. The higher ratio shows that Ace Limited does not have any debt burden and company is efficiently managing its debt expense. The major reason of this coverage is the profitability of the company and less dependence on debt. Based on the above calculated ratios, it can be concluded that Ace Limited is a profitable company and the capital of the company primarily comes from the capital shared by owners. The company is less dependent on loans and debts, which has helped the company to keep its interests expense low. The company has generated $0.223 per share outstanding this year and paid out the dividend of $2 on each share outstanding. Therefore, Ace Limited is a profitable company

A comparison of text and a production of Shakespeares Macbeth Essay Example for Free

A comparison of text and a production of Shakespeares Macbeth Essay From page to stage- A comparison of text and a production of Shakespeares Macbeth. I have decided to aim my coursework at the scene where Banquos ghost appears to Macbeth. I am basing my coursework around the reactions of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, and also the way in which Banquo is portrayed to us in Shakespeares play and the performance, which we attended, by the Long Overdue Theatre Company. I am comparing each of these characters from the performance with the way that they are portrayed in the written version. In the TLOTC performance; we receive a calm atmosphere at the time of the banquet, however in the written version more mysterious version is revealed to us. In the production version I dont feel we were given a very clear image of how Macbeth changed throughout the scene. The text initially portrays an image of how horrified Macbeth is when he sees Banquo sitting at the table. When reading the play we can visualise whats happening throughout the scene. We can visualise how Macbeth talks to Banquo as though he is fully human and is really there. We see this by the way Macbeth speaks to Banquo, Never shake thy gory locks at me. It is in this way that we can tell clearly whats happening in this scene. The TLOTC portrays this to us well, I feel that they gave us the clear view of Macbeths feelings towards the ghost. I feel that this helped us to realise the fear that Macbeth felt. They showed Macbeths actions clearly, he was very shaken and scared, I feel that the tone of voice he used was very effective. I feel that we learn more about Macbeths astonishment and disbelief in the TLOTC performance than in the text. Macbeth asks Which of you have done this? This shows us that Macbeth is in shock at what he is seeing before him. In the performance we are able to see the facial expressions, I feel that this helps us to get a clearer view at what Macbeth is feeling. Whereas in the written version we can only try and visualise what Macbeth is feeling. The tone of voice use helps us to realise the tension which Macbeth feels. Each time Banquo entered the room Macbeths tone of voice changed: it became shaken and very loud. I think that Ben Shockley portrayed this very well in the performance. Macbeth tries to tell the others what he sees before him. He says to them If I stand here I saw him. In the written version we cant tell what type of voice is used so less emphasis is put on Macbeths words. The supernatural elements were portrayed to us more clearly in the performance. In the written version Shakespeare gives very few stage directions. In the LOTC production I felt that the sound effects that were used each time Banquos ghost appeared were very effective, in the way in which we are able to tell when Banquos ghost was appearing. We get none of this build up of tension from the written version. I feel, however, that the written version is much fuller than that of the performance as the impact of Shakespeares language was more obvious. This was particularly at the beginning of the scene, where Lady Macbeth seems to have a very calm, patient attitude towards Macbeth. Lady Macbeth says to the others in a calm voice Sit, worthy friends, my Lord is often thus. We can see Lady Macbeths attitude change towards Macbeth in both the performance and the written version. When she hears Macbeth speak to the ghost but she doesnt know who her husband is talking to. Lady Macbeth tries to be strong and reassure everyone that Macbeths behaviour should not alarm them, when she says to them: My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth. As Macbeth begins again to talk to Banquo Lady Macbeths attitude changes again, she begins to panic a lot more. I feel that the way she was panicking partly was giving away their innocence. Lady Macbeths panic is conveyed on stage when she says Pray you speak not, he grows worse and worse, questions enrage him. At once, good night. In the LOTC performance and in the written version Lady Macbeth is shown as the stronger person between her and Macbeth. Lady Macbeth begins to get so antagonised that she begins threatening Macbeths right to call himself a man: she says What, quite unmanned in folly? I feel that the performance gives a better view on Lady Macbeths strong will to keep her and Macbeth from looking guilty. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth not to worry as she is afraid that all his worrying will give away their innocence. I feel that the blood, which appeared from Banquos mouth and nose, helped the audience to visualise Banquos presence as a ghost, of a murder man, intent on making his killer suffer.

The Potential Positive And Negative Socio Cultural Impacts Tourism Essay

The Potential Positive And Negative Socio Cultural Impacts Tourism Essay Tourism is a product that is produced and consumed at the same time. Tourism affects the economy and lives of communities and has proven to be a lifesaver for many destinations. Impacts occur when tourism changes the value systems/ behavior, threatening native identity and that changes occur in community structure, family relationships, ceremonies, collective traditional styles and morality. Tourism can also cause positive impacts as it can serve as a helpful force for peace, help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs and foster pride in cultural traditions. The type of tourist will have a differing effect on the host community. The mass tourist is less likely to adapt to the local cultures and will seek amenities and standards found in his home community. On the other hand the independent tourist will adapt more readily. The process of tourism development is very important because the speed and nature of development can be a major influence on the magnitude and direction of socio-cultural changes. The term socio-cultural impacts refer to changes to residents everyday experiences, as well as to their values, way of life, and intellectual and artistic products. The positive and negative impacts of tourism on the Cyprus socio-cultural structure has been an issue for a long time. Social impacts can be considered as changes in the lives of people who live in destination communities, which are connected with tourist actions in regard to moral conduct, creative expressions. Cultural impacts can be the changes in the arts, traditional ceremonies, customs and rituals and architecture of people that result from tourism activity. Witt (1991) claims that, the greater the difference between the host community and the tourists the greater will be the affect of tourism on society. This presents a challenge to decision makers in regard to the type of tourism that a destination is trying to attract. Thus, for example, at the national level a specific development might be justified on the grounds that it is positive for the society as a whole even if on average it is not positive for the host community. All travelers seek tourism experience, yet very diffe rent goals and objectives are required through different roles and behaviors. This occurs because in Cyprus are many different types of tourists. Each type of tourist can be expected to behave differently while visiting a destination. Certain groups can be seen as more exploitive and less sensitive to social and cultural values. Explorers blend into the Cyprus life as local people do and stay longer but they have contact with fewer people than members of a charter tour that moves through Cyprus for shopping or sightseeing. In the case of Cyprus, the tourist policy of the Cyprus Tourism Organization aims to attract middle and high-income class tourists in order to minimize possible resentment between locals and tourists. According to statistics by Eurostat, Cypriots enjoy a higher standard of living than other regions and the type of tourist that visits the island is not the typical high and middle class income tourist but mostly youngsters who tend to reach their limits once they are abroad. The effects of tourists behavior and activities on young people in the area are very noticeable. The increase in drug trafficking and crime are the two major effects of tourism on the local community. Young people tend to spend a lot of their free time away from their families and from community activities since they spend more time in the tourist areas going out clubbing or at bars. As a result, we have an increase in the number of school dropouts and in the number of people smoking at early stages of their age. C yprus is considered to be one of the few destinations that have controlled tourism well, and it is now repaying the benefits. Cyprus is still an up market destination offering a friendly atmosphere and high quality service. Cyprus has always marketed itself as a prestige resort. Surveys show that many residents see the tourists as a breath of fresh air into the society, economy and life of the locals. The Cyprus Tourism Organization is aiming to keep its high quality and consequently its up market clientele by offering excellent facilities and different types of tourism activities such as Agro Tourism, Bird Watching and Cycling. To achieve this selective advertising and promotion are adopted in order to attract this type of customer. The development of the Tourist Industry led to an improvement in the standard of living for the local people in several areas as tourism expenditure increases the income and improve the standard of living and the quality of life for the locals. Tourism also contributes to the development of infrastructure with the building of airports, new roads, restaurants and hospitals, attraction to enable greatest number of citizens to benefit from the cultural, recreational and leisure activities of the tourism sector. Tourism has also aided in arising the interest for art festivals and crafts, for example weaving, embroidery, wood crafting, pottery etc that have been practiced in small villages for hundreds of years. The impact of tourism on the conservation of old buildings is also both positive and negative. Cyprus residents claim that tourists look for and appreciate local architecture and authentic traditional style, so a lot of buildings are being renovated or conserved as mainly tourist attractions, which would have been destroyed by eager owner. On the other hand, old buildings do not have enough capacity to provide accommodation for the growing number of tourists, so they are destroyed to give room to new and large guest houses with appropriate capacity and tourist facilities. The media have described Paralimni and Agia Napa as a round-the clock neon-lit cosmopolitan mini-metropolis and topless sex capital of Cyprus. The majority state that tourists have a negative effect on the Cypriot way of life and that tourism changes the traditional culture, also it decreases the lifestyle quality of Cypriots who live in tourist areas. The extreme concentration of tourists resulted in the modification of social attitudes among young people, particularly towards sexual behavior. The European way of living has altered the Cypriot society as younger generations are seeking different values than their families, and thus resulting in weaker family bonds. A number of researchers examined the link between the perception that tourism contributes to increase in crime and the support for its development. The crime is related to resident perceptions of tourism development. There is also an increase in prostitution and rise in criminal activity and possible anger between local a nd tourists. Rural population, long term residents, farmers, and younger segments perceive tourism as contributing to an increase in crime especially in the area of Agia Napa. Agia Napa is advertised as a place of great consumption of alcohol, sex, drugs and crime and a great damage caused by thousands of topless beach goers. Moreover the massive arrival of youngsters changed the image of the area from a fun relaxing atmosphere to more of a nightlife entertainment with many nightclubs and discos. As a result, there is an increase in drug trafficking and crime as well as the young generation in Cyprus has started to adopt different set of values on morality and style of dressing which is not acceptable by the older generations. Tourists have altered the Cypriot values and beliefs especially among the young generation and as mentioned before the dress code has changed and nudity is much more acceptable now. In spite of all negative and positive impacts of tourism on the socio-cultural structure of Cyprus it is not yet clear whether the benefits outweigh the costs. In general, the residents of Cyprus have a positive attitude toward tourism. Since the success of tourism depends very much on the human attitudes and behavior of the residents of a destination towards tourists, this seems to be an encouraging result for the future of tourism development. Residents recognize a range of potential positive and negative impacts of tourism however, current attitudes are generally quite positive and there is support for future modest increase in tourism. The tourism development strategy should aim to protect local culture, respect local traditions and promote local ownership and management of programs and projects so as to foster community stewardship of the natural resource base. As integrated processes take time, tourism umbrella organizations should start with voluntary self-restraint, until loc ally adapted objectives have been reached.

The Financial Analysis Of Mcdonalds

The Financial Analysis Of Mcdonalds Ray Kroc gained the rights of McDonalds restaurant in 1954. This restaurant was based in California, USA. After being unsuccessful at Des Plaines restaurant Ray Kroc achieved a multitude of success in McDonalds after buying it out from McDonald brothers. McDonalds was made public in the year 1965 via the stock exchange. McDonalds was introduced in the stock exchange with 100 shares totaling at 2250 USD. Their success brought them up to 4.7 million stocks as of today. McDonalds have opened around 33000 restaurants worldwide. The main focus of their restaurants is towards franchising which has brought them revenues in terms of sales as well as renting. Currently 80% of McDonalds are franchises around the world with franchising cost around 45000 USD per license. They have succeeded to expand their company in more than 100 countries around the world. 2.1 Current Situation McDonalds have worked hard throughout years to attain a respectable position amongst the world fast food chains. They have managed to perform better in the face of sustained pressure. This has helped them to achieve the top position amongst the worlds fast food companies. McDonalds current situation is very stable. After going through the introductory passage it would be hard to imagine otherwise. With a huge number of restaurants all around the world it can be safely said that McDonalds is doing very well. This was not the case in the year 2002 when McDonalds faced their first overall loss after over 35 years in business. Being a strong company they did not bend in face of problems rather they planned a strategy to get out of this dilemma by electing a new CEO. Cantalupo, the new CEO, focused on the problem and introduced a new strategy known as the plan to win strategy. Under his guidance the company achieved customer satisfaction and improved operating of their current franchises as well as standardizing the future franchising. This strategy raised standards and helped McDonalds to achieve a share price of around 80 thousand dollars in the year 2010. The board of directors made this strategy as one of their core plans because of it doing so well. I nvestors now take McDonalds as a safe place and put their money in McDonalds shares considering that McDonalds will not see another recession if they continue acting on their policies. This can be seen in the revenues of McDonalds. Their revenues have increased from 20,895 million dollars in 2006 to 24,075 million dollars in 2010 and are still increasing. Their continuous success is a result of their introducing new products and even new product lines as they have done by introducing McCafe drink lines containing different types of coffees and teas. This line of products has taken McDonalds in cafeteria market and is rivaling Starbucks in USA. This has resulted for them to have a stable place in the market and in the stocks as well. 2.2 Business Planning and Strategy In McDonalds there is a strategy named Plan to Win since 2003. This plan to win in the industry exist till now and it forced McDonalds to have 32 months of global comparative positive sales which is the longest strip for the last 25 years. To say more, company has had a growth which in general lies above the industry average growth. To get better understanding about the current strategy of the company, let take a look what is the Plan to Win? It is nothing else except 5Ps that are behind the Plan to Win, it includes: People, Place, Product, Price, and Promotion. The 5Ps are trying to perceive every thinkable angle of the company, and have ways to improve everything, from refurbishing old shops, to maintenance Wi-Fi for customers, setting the right mood with music and creating deli menus to cope with the bad publicity. Promotion Products Im loving it worldwide campaign Billboards, internet, TV, all advertising in general Broaden the selections McDonalds Food Studios Superior supplier practices High product standards McCafe Examples: Rice burger, fruit and walnut salad Price High quality food at a reasonable price Value menus Premium selections Place People Refurbishing stores New music Wi-fi Flatscreens Developed training and hospitality programs to teach our people the skills they need to deliver great service Computer based training -Restaurant Operations Improvement Process (ROIP) Their main efforts are in a direction of maintenance of their unique firm power, and creation of the additional added cost through experience to keep and develop their shares in the American market. Companys newest leading addition of industrial line is the McCafe. The McCafe have a target audience of those who would like something else than regular soft drinks, or probably only wants some coffee. Using this new strategy and an industrial line McDonalds tries to seize shares of the market in the industry of coffee industry, which mainly operates Starbucks. It is courageous strategy, where they have an experience minimum, but however it is strategy which is supported by a considerable quantity of their forces. They already have global network of suppliers and one of the most influential brands in the world. Their marketing has focused on two separate things: first, coping with the effects of the obesity through marketing and a new healthier product category and second, increasing brand awareness to maintain and develop market shares. While supervising the result (outcome) of McDonalds has carried out strategy the last years, then the financial data speaks in own language. Development of the incomes which are above development of the market means that they increase the shares in the market. When supervising of their edges of total profit, then since performance of Plan to Win has increased edge more than forty percent. It shows that McDonalds till now have correct forces and strategy to outmanoeuvre any problems of fatness. McDonalds should study their basic products in the future. As changing requirements and instructions from clients and the governments appear, then at McDonalds there would be a big advantage of being preventive on these questions. Now they were some of the slowest in the industry to get rid of their trans-fat to make French fries which sends a bad signal on not caring about their clients. On all questions of public health services they, apparently, have very jet manner, still precisely knowing what to make with a problem. If they have to change and expand the research of these areas, the pure size and resources could give easily to them the big push up in CSR competencies and the general image in comparison with their competitors. But as it now, their research some kind of weakness as they concentrate more on research in decorating than in full healthy meal. It isnt intended these that they should change the basic products as a cheeseburger, big Mac and French fries, but rather plac ing some resources in creation of the basic of more healthy products. Thus, they also would deal with some of their weaknesses and would construct protection against future threats. 2.3 Performance Analysis Financial data can be used to analyse the performance of a company. In this manner, McDonalds performance can be analysed through their balance sheet over the period of three years. Different ratios are used in this analysis and these ratios are then used to compare the performance of McDonalds over time with regards to standards. All companies are bound by law to submit their financial statements at the end of each year. This helps analysts to observe the cause and effect relationships in the financial data provided by the company. Following is detailed analysis of McDonalds Corporation with help of their balance sheet. This data has been taken from the financial statement McDonalds submitted on their website. Balance sheet Period Ending Dec 31, 2010 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2008 Assets Current Assets Cash And Cash Equivalents 2,387,000 1,796,000 2,063,400 Short Term Investments Net Receivables 1,179,100 1,060,400 931,200 Inventory 109,900 106,200 111,500 Other Current Assets 692,500 453,700 411,500 Total Current Assets 4,368,500 3,416,300 3,517,600 Long Term Investments 1,335,300 1,212,700 1,222,300 Property Plant and Equipment 22,060,600 21,531,500 20,254,500 Goodwill 2,586,100 2,425,200 2,237,400 Intangible Assets Accumulated Amortization Other Assets 1,624,700 1,639,200 1,229,700 Deferred Long Term Asset Charges Total Assets 31,975,200 30,224,900 28,461,500 Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 2,916,400 2,970,600 2,506,100 Short/Current Long Term Debt 8,300 18,100 31,800 Other Current Liabilities Total Current Liabilities 2,924,700 2,988,700 2,537,900 Long Term Debt 11,497,000 10,560,300 10,186,000 Other Liabilities 1,586,900 1,363,100 1,410,100 Deferred Long Term Liability Charges 1,332,400 1,278,900 944,900 Minority Interest Negative Goodwill Total Liabilities 17,341,000 16,191,000 15,078,900 Stockholders Equity Misc Stocks Options Warrants Redeemable Preferred Stock Preferred Stock Common Stock 16,600 16,600 16,600 Retained Earnings 33,811,700 31,270,800 28,953,900 Treasury Stock (25,143,400) (22,854,800) (20,289,400) Capital Surplus 5,196,400 4,853,900 4,600,200 Other Stockholder Equity 752,900 747,400 101,300 Total Stockholder Equity 14,634,200 14,033,900 13,382,600 Net Tangible Assets 12,048,100 11,608,700 11,145,200 Currency in USD 2.4 Recommendations Strategic options: Reduction of employee training spending (lowering employee turnover); Taking advantage of organic food industry popularity (develop new products for new segments); Advantage of human health problems (improvement of products). Reduction of employee training spending (lowering employee turnover). In order to reduce of employee training spending and to lower turnover, we would like to suggest: To give the job just for highly motivated people. It means, that they are going to be loyal and not to leave job so fast; To train new employees using Big Brother principle. New employees would be trained by employees, who are working longer. In this way, company reduces training spending, new employees are trained by the people, who are working inside the company and do the same things every day. To motivate employees and always take care about their expectations. It can be money premiums for good working in the end of the month (or year), some employees parties, Employee of the week (month) competition and etc.; also employer should take a look of what employee is expected from employer and try to solve that, ex. Maybe employee is not expected to get premium every month, but for good and loyal working he would like that the company would pay his child studies fee after 5 years. Taking advantage of organic food industry popularity (develop new products for new segments); McDonalds is not that company, who suggest the most organic food, so they can try: To make a line of organic food in their menu and take a look what is more popular and healthy for their customers. If it is going more popular than usual menu food, it is more worth to make all food in organic way, even it is more expensive. First of all, people like what is natural, and then they are interested in the price. To be in a partnership with scientists and doctors in order to take care of their customers heath. Everybody knows that organic food makes people feel better and healthier; also it affects nature in a good way. McDonalds declares that everything is for customer, so it must take an advantage of organic food popularity and make their customers to live healthier and in more natural way. To make big advertisement companies declaring organic food pluses and make it more popular in such way. Many people loves McDonalds food, so it has an authority and can show good example of necessity of organic food in people life and compare how organic and usual McDonalds food effect customers health and all the nature about them. Advantage of human health problems (improvement of products) McDonalds is big food supplying company, and all of us know, how food affects our health. It is one of the main factors, what built our body and strength our brains. Knowing that, McDonalds should: Suggest just high quality, improved products, which is full of vitamins and minerals. So, it means that the company must improve their products, all the food must be certificated and fit for all healthy food standards. Be in a contact with suppliers, who supply products for McDonalds food and always check if the products is natural, high standard and healthy for all of age customers. Contact with doctors, scientist and improve their products to fit for all of age customers, even they have some problems with their stomach. It means to make measures and find what is the best for all possible customers. 2.5 Conclusions The financial analysis of McDonalds says that the recovery of McDonalds after the global crises seems to be surprisingly fast and the sales growth rate continues to increase. It tries to improve customer metrics by which it can follow and decide what are the changes in the customers needs and wants, how they can satisfy these issues. The most important thing is to think globally but act locally. The later stage of the second part proposes companys current strategy. McDonalds has a specific Plan to win current strategy since 2003. These are 5Ps that are behind the Plan to Win, and it includes: People, Place, Product, Price, and Promotion. As changing requirements and instructions from clients and the government, McDonalds should study their basic products in the future.

Choctaw indians :: essays research papers

The Choctaw Indians   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Choctaw Indians is a tribe of Musksgean stock .The Choctaws were once part of a larger tribe that included the Greeks and Seminoles and are considered one of the five civilized tribes (Cherokees , Greeks, Choctaws , Seminoles, and Chickasaws) . At one time Choctaw territory extended from Mississippi to Georgia, but by the time Europeans began to arrive in North America they were primarily in Mississippi and Louisiana.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Choctaw Indians were into cultivation , they hunted and raised corn along with a host of other crops. One of their chief religious ceremonies was a harvest celebration called , â€Å"The green corn dance.† According to one legend, the Choctaw were created at a sacred mound called Nanih Waiya, near Noxapater ,Mississippi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1540, the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto led the first European expedition through Choctaw territory. Fighting broke out after the Choctaw refused to supply the Spaniards with a guide and transportation. The Spaniards were in the wrong because the Choctaw Indians were friendly especially with the French and allied with them during the intercolonial wars between France and England . Some Choctaws fought with Jackson at New Orleans against the British.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1830, the United States Government passed the Indian removal Act. This act called for Eastern Indians to be moved West to make room for white settlers. The Government then forced the Choctaw to sign the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. The Treaty exchanged the Tribe’s Eastern land for an area in the Indian territory, in what is now Oklahoma.

The Problem Of Evil Essay -- essays research papers

The Problem of Evil Evil exists, a plain and simple fact. The argument for the problem of evil (and suffering) proves that fact. The argument for the problem of evil states that there is a all-good, all-powerful God. It states that God being all-good means that he only wants good to exist. But, look at all the bad and evil in the world. A total contradiction of a all-good God. God being all- powerful means that he can make whatever he wants. So, if God can make whatever he wants then why did he not make all people and things good? This all boils down too the fact that evil does exist and with evil existing there could not be an all-good, all powerful God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that the argument for the problem of evil is a good argument. The first solution to the problem of evil states that good cannot exist without evil. Not a bad argument, but faulty. With evil existing you have something to compare it to, which is good. But, If God was really all-good the word evil would not exist because everything would just be good. If God is so good and so powerful than why does he let so much evil exist? I could understand a little bit of bad people and things to make the good stand out, but there is so much. All the time in the news you hear about someone being murdered, children being molested, a natural disaster striking a area and many people suffering and dying, etc... This also shows that God cannot be all-powerful if lets all this evil exist in the universe th...

product innovation Essay -- essays research papers

Marketing Principles PRODUCT INNOVATION AND PROMOTION PROJECT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our assignment is to create and promote an innovative product. In developing a new product, we started with an idea generation. This is a systematic search for new-product ideas. Companies go through many ideas before they come to find some good ones. We had to do the same thing. We thought of many ideas on our own. It was more of an internal idea source as opposed to going outside of our partnership for ideas. Our first idea was a restaurant with half of it an actual restaurant and the other half an automobile tuner shop. The next idea was a new energy drink that would be less costly and better tasting. Our next idea came up when we were sitting there gathering ideas for the project. We were looking in chapter ten of the marketing principles book and reading about the Heinz EZ Squirt ketchup bottles. It popped up that one of the greatest American snacks of all time has not been put into a squeeze bottle like a lot of other products have. That product is peanut bu tter. This was going to be the idea of our project until we went to the store to buy some peanut butter for our package and we found a bottle of squeeze peanut butter already out. This led us to finding a new product last minute. We thought of what we are interested in. Cars, music, and liquor immediately came to mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next step was to screen the ideas to separate the good ideas from the bad. Every product or service had good points and bad. The half restaurant half auto tuner shop was a very different concept, and with some fine-tuning could catch the interest of some people. The bad thing is that it probably would not catch enough people. It was not a promising idea. The idea of a new energy drink was okay, but there are various kinds of energy drinks already out on the market. To create one that all the other ones do not already say they can do is hard. It did not look that it was a good idea either. The peanut butter idea sparked our interests more than any of the ideas we had come up with. It is a very simple idea and it would not be too complicated or technical to create. Peanut butter is used in many snacks and it would be easy to prove why a squeeze bottle could make a lasting improvement from a regular jar. Peanut butter in a squeeze bottle was the final decision... ...ference and funding to them will help them out financially. Even though we are concentrated on stopping underage drinking, we want to be active in the lives of the drinkers of age. This is why we will sponsor local softball league teams for older men and women. It is a good way to keep alcohol drinkers active and doing something. Our company is all about creating a good image to the public for all ages of people alcoholic drinkers or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bartender workers as well as the store clerks will be well trained in personal selling. They will have a very friendly face-to-face presentation as well as attitude. They will also take friendly telephone calls to questions to opinions on drinks. Our store also offers an email address for requests, suggestions, opinions, or just questions for our in-store bartenders. They will reply within the day as soon as possible. Again, we pride ourselves on quality and presence. â€Å"Barstop Mixes† is for alcoholic drinkers of all kinds. The only way to experience our store and service the best is to come and visit. We promise it will be worth your while and hopefully an â€Å"incredible† experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Consumer Association of Bangladesh

1. Introduction Consumers Association of Bangladesh (CAB), a non-government Non-political and non-profit voluntary organization was founded in February, 1978 at the initiation of some dedicated residents in Dhaka who was imbued with the ideas of consumerism, a movement that already took shape in many advanced countries in Europe and America. Primarily started as a social group to protect consumers from commodity adulteration and artificial price-hike it has gradually widened its scope to establish and safeguard consumers’ rights and interests in social, economic, health and environmental issues.CAB was registered with the Department of Social Services, Government of Bangladesh vide reg. No DHA-01247 dated 14 March 1983 and with the NGO Affairs Bureau vide reg. No. DSS/FDO/R-197 dated 2 March 1986. CAB is also a full member of Consumers International. It is funded by membership fees and by grants from donors. Organization Profile: Organization Name: CAB (Consumers Association o f Bangladesh) Member no: 761 Joining date: 15 Mar 1981Region: Asia Pacific Address: 8/6, Segunbagicha, Dhaka- 1000 Location: Bangladesh Type of Work: Campaigning and/or lobbying, Consumer Advice, Consumer Legislation, Dispute Resolution, Networking, Product Testing, Publishing, Research/Policy analysis. It has 500 regular and 100 associate members. Its mission is to empower Consumers with the knowledge and skills for the effective protection of their rights and interests.The major areas of CAB activities are: Consumer Information & Education, Surveillances & Monitoring on market prices and quality of essential commodities and utility services, consumer’s complaints handlings, campaign for safe foods and commodities, ethical drug promotion and safe environment, studies & research on consumer issues and problems, Advocacy and lobby with the government and policy makers for enactment of Consumer Protection Law. 2. Objectives of CAB: The major objectives of CAB are to: 1. make co nsumers aware of their rights and responsibilities; 2. romote consumer education, aiming at raising awareness of consumers against exploitation, and providing them with technical knowledge and support for real protection; 3. focus on consumers' problems and develop a spirit of mutual co-operation and understanding among different groups, associations, institutions, NGOs and government agencies functioning in the interests of the welfare of the people; 4. exchange information and knowledge of various actions about consumer protection with national and international organizations; 5. organize and set-up consumers associations and groups at the districts and thana level 6.Undertake research studies on consumer issues and problems. 7. Generate awareness among the consumers about their internationally recognized rights and responsibilities as consumers 8. Promote consumer education aiming at empowering consumers with the knowledge and skills on protection of their rights. 9. Enable consu mers to organize themselves in establishing and protecting their rights and interests through organized action. 10. Arrange for testing of products and commodities to make the market places safer and consumer friendly. 11.Provide mediation and legal support to the aggrieved consumers related to violation of their rights and interests involved in the purchase and use of commodities and services. 12. Foster and develop contacts and liaison with the national and international organizations having similar objectives. 13. Publish educational materials and feed consumers with information and knowledge on consumerism, consumer issues and problems. 3. Achievements: CAB activities in consumer education include mainly the publication of a monthly bulletin in Bangla titled Consumers' Voice to provide consumers with information of various consumer issues and problem.CAB also publishes a quarterly bulletin in English, which it distributes to different organizations at home and abroad. In additio n, it occasionally publishes pamphlets, folders, and leaflets on various consumer issues and problems and regularly prepares features and press releases for dissemination through the mass media. CAB regularly monitors the market prices of essential commodities and services to show the actual price situation in the market and keep prices within the purchasing power of general consumers.It runs a market monitoring cell, which regularly conducts market surveys and supplies relevant information to consumers through national dailies. CAB launched a ‘Dirty Dozen Campaign' against 12 most harmful pesticides. Earlier, there were no guidelines on the marketing of pesticides and it is because of the pressure created by CAB that the government had to formulate guidelines on the marketing of pesticides and publish them through a gazette notification. CAB also carried out studies on household insecticides and labeling of pesticides on packets.The organization was very vocal and active in c reating demand for formulating a National Drug Policy (NDP) and played an active role in the process of enactment of the NDP in 1982. Since then, CAB has been regularly monitoring the implementation of NDP and organizing promotional activities, especially relating to issues of inadequacy and poor services in the delivery of public health care. CAB started an anti-tobacco campaign in 1981. CAB is active in lobbying with the government for banning smoking in selected public places. CAB is also monitoring the implementation of the Breast Milk Substitute Ordinance enacted in 1984.CAB carries out campaigns in support of breastfeeding. CAB activities include organization of seminars, workshops, and group meetings, street processions, distribution of posters and leaflets, and publication of features in newspapers on environmental pollution and degradation as well as on safe road and transport systems. A routine activity of CAB is the formation and development of consumer for expansion of c onsumer movement at the division, district, thana and peripheral levels. These groups keep liaison with the national level and deal with consumer education and motivation and handle local consumer problems and issues.CAB runs a Complaint Centre to receive complaints from consumers and extends technical and legal support to them for redress. With a view to keeping the consumers informed about the daily market situation and other consumer issues and problems CAB runs a Consumer Information Centre, which has a small library attached to it. It conducts studies on important consumer issues such as commodity prices, use of BMS in hospitals and clinics, tobacco consumption, road accidents, violation of BMS ordinance, drug abuse and the like.It has been looking for the formulation of consumer protection laws in the country for a long time. CAB now concentrates its activities in the districts of Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Gazipur, Manikganj, Bogra, Khulna and Barisal but has plan s to expand the activities in other districts of the country, too. Some of the achievements of CAB are as follows: The Milk Vita Company used to mix imported powder milk with cow’s milk and then market it as the cow’s milk.CAB exposed this malpractice, following which the company had to change its policy; CAB created considerable awareness among the people about harmful and unnecessary drugs long before the enactment of the National Drug Policy, which after being formulated, was popularized by CAB through a vigorous campaign; Since 1984, CAB has been conducting campaigns for the promotion and protection of breast feeding and has been an advocate for enactment and implementation of Bangladesh Breast Feeding Substitutes (marketing regulation) Ordinance, 1984; CAB was instrumental in the declaration of the Code of Pesticide Marketing and assisted in the creation of a committee to evaluate price situation, in the re-organization of the Bangladesh Standard Institute and pub lication of lists for standard certificates, and in creation of a committee to assess the adulteration position in edible oils; CAB was instrumental in the re-organization of the government's Environmental Pollution Control Department. The anti-tobacco campaign by CAB resulted in the introduction of warning against hazardous effects of smoking in cigarette advertisements; and CAB has been recognized as representative of consumers in numerous committees (both government and non-government) formed on different issues and subjects.CAB, however, faces a number of constraints such as inadequacy of funds, and a relatively slow response from communities and population groups that prevent consumer movement from gaining a solid ground, and a general weakness of consumers in terms of their awareness level and bargaining strength in purchases. CAB's success, therefore, remains minimal as their programmers often go against the interest of the business community, who enjoys near monopoly and has the opportunity to organize syndicated trade. 3. 1 Research Studies: Several research and survey works on consumer’s affairs are undertaken by CAB. Information dissemination to the stake holders and to the relevant government authorities are the routine practices. It helps the decision makers to take action and make remedial future action plan for assuring the rights of consumers in the country. Survey and research on â€Å"Awareness to the sellers and consumers regarding BSTI, and the certification marks system of BSTI† in the year of 2000. †¢Survey and research on â€Å"Awareness and the status of Bangladesh on keeping the consumers right† in the year of 2000. †¢Research on â€Å"Market food and packaged food† in the year of 2003. †¢Survey and research on â€Å"Unpackaged food in Dhaka city† in the year of 2003. †¢Survey and research on â€Å"Health service: The present status of Bangladesh (1. 5 years)† in the year of 2005. †¢Survey and research on â€Å"Public sentiment of sellers and consumers† in the year of 2005. †¢Survey report on â€Å"Livelihood expenses and pricing of product† in 1982- 2007). †¢Yearly survey report on â€Å"Accident on road and river transport† in (2000-2004). Survey and research on â€Å"The use of indigenous medicine† in the year of 2005. 3. 2 Campaign for Safe Environment: Women and children are the worst sufferers due to increasing environmental degradation and CAB undertakes programs to promote public awareness and their participation in the environmentally sustainable development. Campaign activities in the form of seminars, workshops, group meetings, rallies and street processions, production and distribution of educational materials, writing of features, press release etc. against air and water pollution, environmental degradation and other social abuses are organized on regular basis. 3. 3 Campaign against Tobacco:CAB h as been campaigning against production and marketing of tobacco since 1981 and it is through the continued and persistent endeavors of CAB that advertisement of cigarettes in Radio and TV has been banned and health hazards warning signals on cigarette packs has been introduced. CAB is a member of the Bangladesh Anti-tobacco Alliance and has been lobbying with the government for enactment of laws putting ban on smoking in public places as well as on advertisement of cigarettes in print media. This has, however, resulted in the enactment of Bangladesh Tobacco Control Law 2005. CAB has now started lobbying with the government for effective implementation of law and organizing campaign for raising public awareness on tobacco menace to bring about tangible reduction of tobacco use in the society. Read also: Padma Bridge

Emma by Jane Austen Essay

Li nonp beill Trillings essay on Emma begins with the starling observation that in the case of Jane Austen, the opinions which atomic publication 18 held of her depart atomic number 18 virtu in all in ally as interesting and almost as grievous to signify closely, as the work itself (47). The comment is especially surprise in imagine of the essays origin as an introduction to the riverbank edition of Emma rather than take readers sequential into the young, Trilling ponders the impossibility of approaching it in simple literary innocence, because of the powerful sapidity generated by the name Jane Austen.Almost fr natural actional a century later, opinions of Austen stir reckon as fresh issues have arisen to withdraw and divide subsequent generations of readers. Literature follow-up Austens skill in defineup lies in her ability to describe the vitality of her characters and their surroundings in great tip she is able to write of the world in microcosm. It is a feature of her drift that thither ar few references to plurality or regular(a)ts appearside the village in which her stories atomic number 18 set. This reflects the lifestyle of the day when transport was unvoiced and communication limited.Austen often writes about nuptials and, in particular, the position of women in union. accomplished women did non work and they rarely acquired their avouch m atomic number 53y with marriage or inheritance. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was expected that marriage was for life. Austens gentle and leisurely style reflects the confederacy she often describes a familiarity in which walking out for a minor shopping excursion was a major highlight. Austen skillfully uses these counterbalancets to explore the value of society in a satiric way. There are a number of ways in which Austen communicates with her audience.The majority of her work is written in third-person narrative, with the cashier eyesight the stor y from all spatial relations. This is also cognise as the omniscient narrator. She also reveals her take on to its finished the intrusive narrator, or through her characters dialogue. At separate times her characters forget accidentally condemn themselves through their throw dialogue. It is in these statuss particularly that the reader experiences or so of the outstrip Austens satire. The majority of dialogue in Emma comes from the female characters of the text, in particular Emma.This is an important feature of Jane Austens style as she is to a greater extent comfortable with the speech of women than men. The women are the chatterers, full or small talk, magical spell some of the men, especially the hero, Mr Knightley, are people of few words and discuss more serious matters. Modern readers may baring m both of the attitudes and customs of Emma surprising or, at times, unbelievable. The apologue does, however, accurately reflect the spirit of side of meat society during the early nineteenth century. Although Austen reflects the determine of nineteenth-century. England, she does not always approve with these determine.It is her depiction and evaluation of this society that represents us with the subtle satire that is part of her delight and success. The Irony of Emma The Ameri house critic Marvin Mudrick followed 2 Harding and Wilson in his views of Austen as a revolutionary writer. He argued that ridicule was her means of denial and disc everyplacey and, like Wilson he raise intimation of lesbian desire in Emmas infatuation with Harriet. Mudrick suggests that Emma is an unpleasant heroine who is unable(predicate) of committing herself humanity. He contentiously argues that Emmas supposed reclamation is the ultimate irony of a myth that is steeped in irony (Mudrick 181).The irony of Emma is nine-fold and ultimate aspect is that there is no happy ending. Emma observes Harriets beauty with utmost more warmth than anyone else, sh e was so grumpy in admiring chose soft blue eyes, in talking and listening, and forming all these schemes in the middle that the evening flew away at a very unusual rate. The irony of Emma is triplex and its ultimate aspect is that there is no happy ending, easy equilibrium, if we care to task confirmed exploiters like Emma and Churchill into the future of their marriages.The important American critic Lionel Trilling gives a liberal humanist reading of Emma which bears some resemblances to Leaviss honourable criticism, albeit in a more relaxed and urbane tone To disallow the possibility of harborling the personal life, of bonnie acquainted with ourselves, of creating a participation of brainy love this is indeed to make an sinful promise and to move over out a rare. Trilling sees the original as a pastoral idyll to be considered isolated from the existent world, with Mr. Woodhouse and Miss Bates as divine fools.But paradoxically, he argues that this most English o f falsehoods is touched by national purport. Emmas gravest error is to separate Harriet smith from Robert Martin, a mistake of nothing less(prenominal) of national import. Some of Trinllings assumptions are distinctive of his age and family line (liberal, easy-to-do Manhattan intellectual life of the fast post-war era) the extract begins with an assumption that many later twentieth-century critics would regard as cringingly sexist further his good judgment and intelligence as a reader, unneurotic with his unbending committal to the serious importance of literature fall through ( 31).The extraordinary thing about Emma is that she has a good life as a man has a good life. And she doesnt have it as a special instance, as an example of a natural kind of woman, which is the way George Eliots Dorothea Brooke has her moral life, all when quite as a matter of course, as a given quality of her nature. Inevitably we are drawn to Emma. But inevitably we hold her to be deeply at fault. Her dressing table leads her to be a self-deceiver. She can be unkind. She is a dreadful snob. Mark Schorer considers the novel by closely analyzing its verbal and lingual patterns.He argues that Austens voice communication is steeped in metaphors drawn from commerce and property, and that she depicts a world of peculiarly solid values, which is ironically juxtaposed with her depiction of moral propriety. Austens moral in truthism is touched with the adjustments made amongst material and moral values. Emma must drop in the fond scale to rise in the moral scale. Schorers contention that Emma must be punished and humiliated has been condemned by later womens rightist critics as object lesson of the Girl organism taught a lesson vogue of Austenian criticism.(98) Jane Austens Emma, 1816, stands at the head of her achievements, and, even though she herself spoke of Emma as a heroine whom no one scarcely me will oftentimes like, discriminating readers have thought the novel her greatest. Her powers here are at their fullest, her control at its most certain. As with most of her novels, it has a figure of speech cornerstone, but in no other has the structure been raised so skillfully upon it. No novel shows more clearly Jane Austens power to take the moral measurement of the society with which she was concerned through the range of her characters.The author must, then, choose whether to acquire mystery at the expense of irony. The sure narrator and the norms of Emma If mere intellectual pellucidness about Emma were the goal in this work, we should be forced to say that the manipulation of interior views and the extensive commentary of the reliable Knightley are more than is necessary. But for maximum fervor of the comedy and romance, even these are not enough. The author herself not unavoidably the real Jane Austen but an implied author, represented in this playscript by a reliable narrator heightens the effects by directing our int ellectual, moral, and steamy progress.But her most important grapheme is to reinforce both aspects of the double pot that operates throughout the admit our inside view of Emmas worth and our objective view of her great faults. The real evils of Emmas situation were the power of having rather in any case much her own way, and a disposition to think a little as well as well of herself these were the disadvantages which threatened alloy to her many enjoyments. The danger, however, was at present so unperceived that they did not by any means crime syndicate as misfortunes with her. Duckworths influential book sets Austen in her historical context.In his chapter Emma and the Dangers of singularisation, he aligns Emma with that other dangerous pioneer Frank Churchill. Duckworth employs binary oppositions of define Austens social values worldly-minded constancy (represented by Mr Knightley) is discriminateed with radical innovation (represented by Frank Churchill). The open syntax of courtesy and morals is set against the concealment and opacity of games (79). With Churchills entrance, Emma is no longer the puppet-mistress of Highbury but instead becomes a marionette in Churchills more subtle show. Churchills game-playing is not to be dismissed as venial.It is symptomatic of a world in which once given certitudes of conduct is heavy(a) way to shifting exemplifications and subjective orderings. Marilyn butler presents Austen as an anti-Jacobin novelist, a propagandist of conservative ideology. Butlers study showed how the extremely politicized decade of the 1790s saw a earthy spring of novels (often by women) that were engaged in the post-revolutionary war of ideas. Butler sets Austens novels firmly in the camp of the anti-feminist, traditionalist domestic novels of bloody shame Brunton and Jane West as opposed to those associated with meliorist writers such as Mary hay and Mary Wollstonecraft.Accordingly to this argument, in Emma Austen shows h er gustatory perception for rationality and inherited moral systems over imagination and individual choice. Emma is brought to recognition of her social duty (74). The plot to which the language harmoniously relates is the holy plot of the conservative novel. Essentially, a young protagonist is poised at the outset of life, with two missions to perform to perspective society, come acrossing the true values from the false and, in the light of this new knowledge of populace, to school what is selfish, immature, or fallible in her.Where a heroine is concerned rather than a hero, the social range is inevitably narrower, though often the personal moral lessons progress compensatingly more acute. Nevertheless the heroines classic task, of choosing a husband, takes her out of any unduly narrow or solipsistic concern with her own happiness. What she is about includes a criticism of what values her class is to live by, the men as well as the women. The novel with a fallible heroine by its nature places more emphasis on the action than the novel with an exemplary heroine. But Emma is an expulsionally active novel.The point is established maiden of all in the character of the heroine Emma is healthy, vigorous, and almost aggressive. She is the real seer of the household at Harfield in her domestic ascendancy she is unique among Jane Austens heroines. She is also the only one who is the natural feminine leader of her whole fellowship. The last(a) irony is that this most verbal of novels at last pronounces words themselves to be suspect. It has been called the first and one of the greatest of psychological novels. If so, it resembles no other, for its attitude to the workings of Emmas instinct is steadily critical.Although so much of the action takes place in the inner life, the theme of the novel is skepticism about the qualities that make it up intuition, imagination, and original insight. Emma matures by submitting her imaginings to frequent palpate, and to the evidence. Her intelligence is certainly not seen as a fault, but her failure to skepticism it is Easily the most brilliant novel of the period, and one of the most brilliant of all English novels, it masters the subjective insights which assistance to make the nineteenth-century novel what it is, and denies them validity.Julia Prewitt dark-brown presents a compelling view of Highbury far from being static and hierarchical, it more closely resembles a road- symbolize of people, a system of interdependence, a club of people all talking to one another affecting and changing one another a collection of relationships. Brown takes issue with the Marxist critic Arnold Kettle. For Brown, the novel is seen not from the perspective of frozen class division but from a perspective of living change. Miss Bates is singled out as a crucial element of society in that she links together all the disparate ranks.Social co-operations and union are vital for protecting undefended singl e women. To ensure the harmony of the community of Highbury, the life of the individual must be coordinated internally before it can function externally (88). Just as the structure of Emma is not causal, it is also not hierarchical. Were we to draw a picture of the novel, it would not, I believe, bring before the reader the runnel of social and moral being that graham flour Hough assigns. It would look more like a road map in which the cites and towns, conjugated together by countless highways and byroads, stood for people.As the image of a road map suggests, Highbury is a system of interdependence, a community of people all talking to one another, affecting, and changing one another a collection of relationships. Emma is seen as daughter, sister, sister-in-law, aunt, companion, intimate friend, new acquaintance, patroness, and bride. And each connection lets us see something new in her. Jane Nardin exmines the plight of the genteel, well-educated and accomplished heroine, whose major problem is that she has too much time on her hands.Emma interferes in the lives of others because she is bored, and has no outlet for her imagination. In contrast to Mr Knightley, who involves himself with those around him, Emma leads a life of closing off and even idleness. Marriage is Emmas redemption because as Knightleys wife, she will pull in his life of activity and involvement (22). Emma Woodhouse sees herself as the typical eighteenth-century heroine who uses her leisure to become an admirable, accomplished, exemplary woman, and who never suffers a moments ennui for lack of something to do.She plays, she sings, she draws in a variety of styles, she is vain of her literary attainments and command information, she does not the honours of her fathers house with style, and confers charitable favours on a variety of recipients in her own eyes, in fact, she is a veritable Clarissa. But Emmas claims to Clarissahood are hollow. Blessed or ill-omened with coin, status, a foolish father and a pliant, though intelligent, governess, Emma has earned admiration too easily.A harsh view of Austens politics emerges from David Aers, who applies a Marxist abbreviation to Emma. Austens idealization of the agrarian, capitalist Mr Knightley nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide her dismissive treatment of the disenfranchised, such as the poor, the gypsies, and even Jane Fairfax, typify her burgess ideology. Emmas visit to the poor in particular is viewed as an indication of Austens own capitalist values, though it should be remembered that Emmas views are not necessarily Jane Austens especially as her irony is so often directed against her heroine (36). that while Mr Knightley is certainly Jane Austens standard of male excellence (without being infallible), she does present him as an agrarian capitalist, not as some kind of pseudo-feudal magnate. He is favorable well, like his capitalist tenant, Robert Martin, and yet despite his relatively modest lifestyle w e are told that he has little spare money.. As a Marxist, James Thompson believes that Ausens novels are time-bound and historical and enact the bourgeois ideology of the period.He analyses the complexities and contradictions amongst the language of (public) social obligation and the feeling of (private) individual interiority in Emma. The individuals sense of alienation in capitalist society turns within for true authenticity. Thompson focuses on Austens treatment of marriage in Emma, as a union vivid true intimacy against the threat of bareness and solipsism (159). In contrast to Gilbert and Gubar, Claudia Johnson shows how Austen corroborates her reliance in the fitness of Emmas rule.By inviting us to consider the contrast between the rule of Emma and that of Mrs Elton. Austen is able to explore positive(p) versions of female power Considering the contrast between Emma and Mrs Elton can enable us to distinguish the use of social position from the revilement of it. The novel concludes not with an endorsement of patriarchy, but with a marriage between equals. Furthermore, this is shown in the extraordinary ending which sees Knightley giving up his own home to share Emmas and thus giving his blessing to her rule(43).In stunning contrast with Mansfield Park, where husbands omit their households with as little judiciousness as decency, in Emma woman does reign alone. Indeed, with the exception of Knightley, all of the people in control are women. In moving to Hartfield, Knightley is share her home, and in placing himself within her domain, Knightley gives his blessing to her rule. Jane Austen has been seen as a novelist who avoids the physical. John Wiltshire shows the importance of bodies in her text, and Austens emphasis on health and illness in Emma.Wiltshire draws upon medical and feminist theories of the body (54-56). Through its comfortable concern with its denizens well-being, the novel poses series of important questions, I suggest, about the nat ure of health, which are perpetrate more insistently through its veranda of sufferers from so-called nervous disorders, Not only does Isabella Knightley, as might be expected, animadvert of those little nervous head-aches and palpitations which I am never entirely free from any where, but even placid Harrier, even Mrs Weston, let alone Jane Fairfax, suffer from, or complain of these symptoms called nerves.But the two grand embodiments of the nervous constitution in Emma are Mr Woodhouse and Mrs Churchill and they preside, one way or another, over the novels action.