Short answers for questions ( no topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short responses for questions ( no subject) - Essay Example Their comparability is the two of them esteem training yet vary in what makes instruction important. On account of Jensen, instruction is just a stage for finding a new line of work while for Wallace, training s genuine intention is to permit individuals to live genuine lives by being basically mindful of things around them. 2. The strolling excursions of Cheryl Strayed (â€Å"Wild†) and Andrew Forstaffle (in â€Å"Walking Across America: Advice for a Young Man†) are both epic goes in themselves and are not effectively imitated on account of the enormous separations and difficulties included. Be that as it may, Strayed made her excursion to reclaim and discover herself after her moms passing while the excursion made by Forstaffle (at times spelled as Forsthoefel) is to discover what Americans consider themselves and of the nation all in all, kind of a mobile study or survey by talking individuals he met en route, by tuning in to them. 3. On account of Cheryl Strayed, the word â€Å"wild† implied the two definitions as she was clear to be dependent on sex and having intercourse with outsiders she met in the path camps without knowing them personally (Wheeler para. 7) and â€Å"wild† for her additionally implied past typical or customary limits since she embraced that risky excursion without anyone else, knowing all the dangers she is taking since it is a path less voyaged. However, Robert Bly has an alternate significance proposed for the word â€Å"wild† which for him is to permit all men to be wild even at any rate once in their lives, particularly during the basic progress time frame into adulthood as kind of a soul changing experience into masculinity esteemed by social orders everywhere throughout the world paying little heed to ethnicity, what is named as a social all inclusive. In his view, to be wild can be considered as a helpful encounter for a man, even good itself. 4. Kenneth Koch in his sonnet â€Å"You need a public activity, with friends† implied any individual can have a vivacious public activity and furthermore a sentimental public activity yet never achieve any significant kind of work yield in light of the fact that

The Effect of MMR Vaccination to the Occurrence of Autism in Newborn Children

The MMR is a solitary shot antibody which forestalls the beginning of lethal ailments that are normal during adolescence, for example, measles, mumps, and rubella.The first shot of the immunization is directed during the twelfth to fifteenth month of a newborn child, and is trailed by a promoter shot during the fourth to sixth year. (Medline Plus) Several examination studies and medicinal services experts have connected the MMR Vaccine to mental imbalance, in spite of its consideration in the standard inoculations for infants.This has raised the enthusiasm of other human services experts and has directed a few investigations so as to demonstrate whether the connection between MMR immunizations and chemical imbalance exists. The examination considers will be talked about in the accompanying statements.The online entrance for Evidence-Based Nursing have distributed a few research contemplates which have demonstrated that the event or mental imbalance isn't in any capacity associated wi th the said vaccine.The first research study was directed by Wilson, Mills, Ross, et. al. in light of epidemiological confirmations, that is an examination that focuses on the absolute populace of the individuals who got MMR inoculation, the pace of event of chemical imbalance with the expansion in populaces who get the antibody, the connection between's the hour of immunization to the event of mental imbalance, and the connection between specific sorts of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and the antibody. (Jack, 2004)For this specific audit, a few examines were utilized as sources, for example, twelve looks into concentrates from insightful diaries and articles. The examination has uncovered a few confirmations that demonstrate there is no connection between MMR antibodies and autism.First, the danger of chemical imbalance in youngsters doesn't change for immunized and unvaccinated populaces. Second, the pace of event of ASD isn't affected by the expanded pace of populaces getting the antibody. Third, finding for ASD has not expanded over the long run after the immunization of MMR. In conclusion, there is no association between the MMR antibody and the event of a few sorts of ASD. (Jack, 2004)The second research study was subsidized by the Danish National Research Foundation, National Vaccine Program Office and National Immunization Program, and National Alliance for Autism Research. It was directed in Denmark with 537,303 kids. Half of the complete populace read for inquire about reasons for existing were males.Data were accumulated from the Danish National Board of Health, wherein the analysts acquired noteworthy data with respect to the members of the examination. The breakdown of the all out populace of members was to such an extent that 440,655 youngsters were inoculated, 316 kids were determined to have chemical imbalance, and 422 were determined to have ASD. Be that as it may, further examination demonstrated that the youngsters who were immunized with MMR were not at a higher danger of being determined to have chemical imbalance. (Wright, 2003)The third research study was financed by similar establishments and specialists in the subsequent research study; notwithstanding, the focal point of the examination was to decide if the mix of three antibodies, for example, the measles, mumps, and rubella immunizations, were associated with the analysis of autism.The members remembered for the exploration study previously mentioned were utilized in this specific research study. Extra data were gotten from the Danish Civil Registration System, Danish National Board of Health, Danish Medical Birth Registry, etc.The consequences of the examination demonstrated that there is no critical distinction in the hazard pace of inoculated and unvaccinated kids from being determined to have chemical imbalance, and that the mix of the three immunizations in a solitary shot was not associated with the event of mental imbalance.  â â â â â â â Both the investigations led in Denmark might be viewed as exact in light of the exact information recorded in the Danish system.Moreover, on the grounds that the two examinations were directed on a huge populace, comprising of both inoculated and unvaccinated kids, the aftereffects of the investigation might be viewed as exact and that guardians should keep vaccinating their youngsters with the MMR antibody. (Tidmarsh, 2003)These research examines propose that individuals, particularly individuals from the nursing practice, ought to know about this reality that there is no known association between the MMR antibody and the event of mental imbalance. The news that came out about the connections between the immunization and chemical imbalance caused requests, just as fears, from families who have youngsters inoculated for MMR.Moreover, as a result of these issues, individuals would dither to leave their kids alone vaccinated from measles, mumps, and rubella, leaving their kids at high hazard from getting these dangerous diseases.Members of the nursing practice, just as medicinal services experts, ought to know about the statistical data points which invalidate past cases about MMR and mental imbalance with the end goal for them to turn into the stakeholders’ dependable and trusty wellsprings of data. This would urge families to proceed with the vaccination procedure so as to shield their youngsters from being uncovered with the perils of these diseases.Moreover, the information on these confirmations introduced ought to be utilized by social insurance experts so as to promote the refutation of gossipy tidbits about MMR and mental imbalance or ASD. So as to fortify their case, further research ought to be led including more extensive populace reaches and longer time periods for perceptions, in order to ensure there are no escape clauses from which individuals may base their concerns or fears. Interestingly, dependable medicinal services experts can explain the misguided and promoter MMR vaccination.Stating the potential threats of measles, mumps, and rubella, and missing the inoculation, would be instrumental in guaranteeing the individuals that there are no connections between MMR immunizations and mental imbalance or ASD.ReferencesMedline Plus. (2008). â€Å"MMR-Vaccine.† Retrieved April 12, 2008, from National Library ofMedicine. Site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002026.htmJack, S. (2004) â€Å"Review: Existing Epidemiological Evidence Does Not Show an AssociationBetween Mumps, Measles, and Rubella Vaccination and Autism. Proof Based Nursing. 2004 Jan; 7(1): 25. Site: http://www.cinahl.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/cgi-canister/refsvc?jid=1646&accno=2004157790Tidmarsh, L. (2003). â€Å"There is Little Evidence that Combined Vaccination against Measles,Mumps and Rubella is Associated with Autism.† Evidence-Based Mental Health. 6(2): 62. Site: http://www.cinahl.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/cgi-receptacle/refs vc?jid=2296&accno=2003085837Wright, S. (2003). â€Å"Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, Vaccine Was Not Associated With Autism inChildren.† Evidence-Based Nursing. 6(3): 89. Site: http://www.cinahl.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/cgi-canister/refsvc?jid=1646&accno=2004050484 Â

How to Write Good School Related Persuasive Essays

How to Write Good School Related Persuasive EssaysSchool related persuasive essay topics are the best ones for teenagers. Teenagers have no reason to be shy. They will be heard by any listener as long as they have an opinion and can deliver it in an organized manner. It is obvious that teenagers are much more active these days.School related persuasive essay topics for teenagers can be very narrow. They must emphasize one particular school topic and they may as well be in their personal life. There is nothing wrong with it at all.As far as teenagers are concerned, there is no such thing as too young or too old. Anyone over the age of eighteen can write a persuasive essay. They just need to be well prepared. Most of the time, they are more confident as they are still growing and are attempting to find out what is best for them.Teenage essays need to be funny and full of energy. They should include both their own thoughts and how others think of them. Teens these days are conscious of their image. They want to make a good impression in the company of those around them. They want to impress others with their maturity.The use of humor is important in teenage essays. There is nothing wrong with jokes but they must not be too violent. Some good examples of teen persuasive essay topics would be, 'Do You Remember That Night When We Went to the Store'My Boyfriend Wants Me Back'. This way, the teenager is able to express his or her feelings in a funny way.One of the common mistakes made by college students who write teenage essays is the use of profanity. Even though they do not use it during their everyday lives, they cannotrefrain from using it when they are writing an essay. Parents should know this before they allow their teenagers to write essays. It is better that they just let their children work in the family business instead of having them write on such subjects.While they are writing teenage essays, teenagers should remember that they are supposed to be express ing their opinions, even if they are negative ones. They should be open-minded and positive. If they seem to be discouraging others from something, they should be honest about it. In other words, they need to write about their perspective so that others would know they are not against them.Remember that teenage essays should always be realistic. It must be written in such a way that teenagers can understand it easily. If the material does not sound realistic, it is not effective. It is only effective if it is written in such a way that a teenager can get to know it well. At least the teenager will learn about the subject and not have a distorted picture of it.

Southern Secession and the Causes for the Civil War

The issue of Southern secession and the causes for the Civil War have been immensely debated, researched, and written on. An analysis of just a small portion of these historical and sociological works reveals that just about every approach and position on the topic has been explored. Yet still today, nearly 150 years later, historians continue to find new ways to answer this age old question—why did the South secede? The debate continues as authors seek to make sense of the primary documentation from that era, often forming conclusions that seem to contradict one another. Why does such a debate exist when there is so much primary source material and early analysis available to us? One answer I propose is that like many diverse and complicated issues there often equally diverse and complicated agendas, interests, and apprehensions about the issue. This is certainly one of those issues. Often the American Civil War is portrayed as a conflict between two entities: the North and t he South. One very good secondary source by William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Volume II: Secessionists Triumphant 1854-1861 shows us what a drastic oversimplification this idea is. Here we are shown what a diverse group of interests the â€Å"South† really were. The different sections of the South had varying degrees of investment into the institution of slavery and by extension varying degrees of interest in secession. Even within the Deep South States, there were those who wanted to avoidShow MoreRelated`` Apostles Of Disunion : Southern Secession Commissioners And The Cause Of The Civil War `` Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War,† Charles B. Dew analyzes the public letters and speeches of white, southern commissioners in order to prove that the Civil War was fought over slavery. By analyzing the public letters and speeches of the commissioners, Dew offers a compelli ng argument proving that slavery along with the ideology of white supremacy were primary causes of the Civil War. Dew is not only the Ephraim Williams Professor of AmericanRead MoreThe Struggle Of The Civil War1492 Words   |  6 PagesTexans contend that the Civil War was not fought over slavery, citing the limited number of slave-owning households in the state. While the majority of Texans did not own slaves, it would be inaccurate to argue that they were therefore against slavery. Texas, representative of other southern states that supported slavery, had a vested interest in preserving the institution at all costs, which is why they risked their lives over it. Moreover, Texans may argue that the civil war was about states’ rightsRead MoreThe Struggle Of The American Civil War765 Words   |  4 Pages  The American Civil War, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Among the 34 states in Januar y 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, simply called the South, grew to include eleven states. Although they claimed thirteen states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never recognized byRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War920 Words   |  4 Pages widely known in the United States as simply the Civil War as well as other sectional names, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Among the 34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often simply called the South, grew to include eleven states, and although they claimed thirteen statesRead MoreAbraham Lincoln House Divided Speech Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesdivided the nation in two and began a civil war that would last until May of 1865. Although the cause of the war was later twisted into looking like states’ rights, the actual cause of the Civil War was slavery. Two years before the Civil War officially began, people were already wary of the problems that slavery could cause in the nation. In his â€Å"House Divided† Speech at the Republican Convention in 1858, Abraham Lincoln warned that slavery would cause a war, saying that the two opinions on theRead MoreApostles Of Disunion Summary1102 Words   |  5 Pagesof Fletcher Pratt Prize from the Civil War Round table of New York for two of his books: Apostles of Disunion and Iron maker to the confederacy, is a native of St. Petersburg, Florida. A son of the south. His book Apostles of Disunion is a book in an attempt to analyze the question: why did the southern states went to secession? In his book, Dew explains why he is writing it and tries to answer (which I believe he does successfully) the question of was the secession due to state right or was the endRead MoreThe American Civil War: Interpretations of Democracy Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pages One of the most convoluted themes i n history is that of the meaning of war. The American Civil War specifically offers many differing explanations as to the true cause for which over 600,000 men dedicated and lost their lives. The Civil War was particularly so, in that there was no universal acceptance of the objectives or causes of the war from either side. Leaders from the Union and the Confederacy delineated distinctly different reasons for fighting, magnifying the hostility between the two regionsRead MoreReview of Charles B. Dew, Apostles of Disunion (2001)702 Words   |  3 Pages11/22/10 Review of Charles B. Dew, Apostles of Disunion (2001) Charles B. Dews Apostles of Disunion delves into the controversial topic of the causes of the Civil War and the secession of the states that eventually became the Confederate States of America. There are many accounts that point to defending states rights as the primary cause of the Civil War. However, most people believe that slavery was the main and primary concern the deep South cited for seceding from the Union to form their ownRead MoreJames M. Mcpherson : An American Civil War Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesJames M. McPherson: James McPherson was born on October 11th 1936, he is an American Civil War historian. He received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for Battle Cry of Freedom, his most famous book. McPherson was the president of the American Historical Association in 2003, and is a member of the editorial board of Encyclopedia Britannica. In his early career McPherson wanted to leave a legacy as being known for the historian who focusses on more than one point. Through skillful narrative in a broad-rangingRead MoreThe Main Cause Of The American Civil War1047 Words   |  5 Pagesone main cause of the American Civil war must be resolved, and while there are many ideas, history reveals that there was only one. There are many arguable motives to the start of the Civil War, but there are four main concepts. These four concepts were slavery, taxation, the election of Abraham Lincoln and lastly, struggling with power between the Northern and Southern states. To start with, the end of slavery is undoubtedly one of the most popular arguments to the creation of the Civil War. While

The Effects Of Bullying On Children By Dr. Terry Ehiorobo

The article Bullying in School: The Traumatic Effects of Bullying on Children was written by Dr. Terry Ehiorobo. Dr. Ehiorobo has the following qualifications to address these issues, because he has worked as a school teacher and principal. Currently, Dr. Ehiorobo is employed as a school principal at an alternative school in Kenosha, WI. The main idea of the article is to focus on how these acts of bullying can cause long-lasting effects for the victims. Basically, bullying has a real emotional and psychological impact of children. Many adults do not take bullying seriously; therefore, many children have seek drastic measures which resulted in suicide and/or murder. The article states, â€Å"Even the president has taken a strong stance on the issue of bullying. He stated, â€Å"We’ve got to dispel this myth that bullying is just a normal rite of passage† (Anderson, 2010). Dr. Terry Ehirobo does provide information that is relevant to the issue. The information that was shared in the article is very much reflective of what is happening in today’s schools and society. Many children in schools are being bullied and are traumatized by the effects of being bullied, and they are afraid to fight back because they feel no one really believes or support them. Also, many of the children do not have family support; therefore, the effects can be more devastating. Dr. Terry Ehirobo shared several stories about children being bullied in schools, and how the effects of bullying

From Parallel Worlds in Franz Kafka´s The Metamorphosis...

How can two different worlds be so similar? The saying, â€Å"same stuff different story,† comes into play. Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis and Albert Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus each have a protagonist that lives in an absurd world. Gregor Samsa and Sisyphus go through some type of change or punishment that makes their existence insignificant. Gregor Samsa becomes a metaphorical and physical â€Å"bug† to his family and must spend the rest life this way. Sisyphus is punished by the Gods and must spend the rest of his life pushing a massive boulder up a hill. I claim that the metamorphosis of Gregor Samsa is similar to the world of Sisyphus, because the two characters are conscious that they cannot escape their fates. Samsa and Sisyphus both have their same respective mind sets; however, they react to situations in different manners. Samsa and Sisyphus have their human minds, which make them conscious of their fates. Samsa, in his new stage, can still think like a regular human being, yet he cannot act like one. While Sisyphus releases the boulder from the top of the hill, he knows that the boulder will go back down, but he does not have the power to prevent the boulder from going down hill. The two still have common knowledge, yet they are not capable of changing their fate. The characters do not have the same free will as they use to, yet they still have free minds. Both Sisyphus and Samsa know that no matter what they do, they cannot return to their old lives. The two live

Importance of Continuing Profession Development

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Continuing Profession Development. Answer: Introduction: Undeniably, in the recent decades, the nursing profession has witnessed profound developments due to globalization and technological advancement (Kathleen Masters, 2017, 39). The continued professional development (CPD) has been handy in ensuring that the nurses remain relevant in this ever-changing profession. CPD has made sure that the capabilities of nurses are perpetuated and that they keep pace with current standards in the profession. For instance, through incessant conferences attendances, mandatory workplace training endeavors and self-directed learning among nurses has enabled them to maintain and enhance the knowledge and skills that are critical in discharging professional services to the clients. This move has led to increased public confidence not only in the professional discharging care but the profession as a whole (Alsop, 2013, 10). Improving maternal health is one of the core concern and developmental goal of numerous countries. Achieving this goal has been a big challenge to many countries. However, some countries such as New Zealand have made great strides in curbing maternal mortality. According to Celia Sally (2013, e59), continuous training of maternal health care professionals was one of the core strategies that was employed in reducing the maternal deaths. Moreover, this move of retraining maternal healthcare professionals has eliminated disparities in the access to healthcare, especially in remote areas. This phenomenon compelled demonstrates that there is need for health professionals to participate in continuous instruction to acquire requisite knowledge and skills to manage pregnancy related complications (Celia, Sally, 2013, e64) Unarguably, CPD is an excellent way of enhancing ones career prospects. This aspect is majorly due to the achievement of additional qualifications. CPD not only equips one with unique skills but it also improves and provides evidence of competence. For instance, this move has resulted in many registered nursing (RN) upgrading to a bachelor of science in nursing (BScN).This transition apart from increasing the salary margin, it has enabled them to make meaningful contributions to the team and the institution at large thus making them more efficient. Moreover, CPD may enhance the development of individual qualities such competence and leadership skills. Such aspects may enhance promotions (Alsop, 2013, 22). Further, CPD has tremendously refined the nursing profession. It has culminated in the evolution of avid educators and specialists. This group of individuals are quite knowledgeable and versatile thus they can function in multiple places in the health sector to provide intricate car e to diverse customers. Moreover, these specialists and educators Besides actively participating in research and policy creation, they have also played a key role in guiding the nurses under them. This move has not only enhanced competence within the nursing fraternity, but it has also propelled the profession further (Kathleen Masters, 2017, 39). Further, CPD enables nurses to provide evidence-based care which is their core mandate. This approach to healthcare delivery requires nurses to utilize the best available evidence in making decision about patient care. CPD ensures that new knowledge is always generated through multiple approaches such as health research. Besides ensuring that the existing knowledge gaps are sealed, CPD elicits the weakness and inadequacies of the current practice and lays a framework for continuous improvement and coming up with a better approach to care (Kathleen Masters, 2017, 40). Additionally, CPD ensures that nurses provide patient-centered care. Besides enhancing the knowledge and skills of professionals, CPD also enables nurses to change their attitudes hence ensuring the providence of ethically sound healthcare provision. Moreover, a vibrant CPD system will see that the healthcare professional are committed and equipped in enhancing patient safety. Still, the continuous learning will enable t he health professionals to be accommodative to their patients diverse values and preferences. This move will culminate in high patient satisfaction and enhanced patient outcome (Katsikitis et al. 2013, 34). The statement marries well with the findings of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2010, 24).The Institute noted that due complexities of the present healthcare systems, it is imperative for nurses to specialize. The institute also observed that nurses who partake often provide quality care (Ross, Barr, Stevens, 2013). Due to advancement in technology in the recent years, the use of health informatics has been ubiquitous in almost all health institutions. These technologies have enabled the capturing and quick analysis of real-time data at various points of care. Apart from ensuring efficient management of patient information, these developments have also improved patient care. Consequently, it is imperative for nurses to undergo continuous training to be knowledgeable on how to utilize these technologies. This move will capacitate nurses to maximize the use of various technologies to enhance patient outcome (Alsop, 2013, 25). Currently, numerous health care institutions have embraced teamwork. The facilities should encourage and facilitate CPD among the employees to promote this fruitful endeavor. According to Katsikitis et al. (2013, 36), CPD is critical in enhancing coordination and collaboration between healthcare professionals enabling them to learn from and with each other. CPD creates an insatiable desire for improved personal performance among nurses. This state warrants an individual to encourage the input of others with the aim of learning different perspectives and approaches. The move further translates to the improved patient outcome. References Alsop, A 2013,Continuing Professional Development in Health and Social Care: Strategies for Lifelong Learning, Wiley, Somerset. Celia P,G, Sally K, T 2013, New Zealand's unique maternity system, Australian College of Midwives. Vol 26, (1)e59e64. DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2012.09.006 Kathleen Masters, 2017, Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice, Jones Bartlett Learning, Burlington. Katsikitis, M, McAllister, M, Sharman, R, Raith, L, Faithfull-Byrne, A Priaulx, R 2013, 'Continuing professional development in nursing in Australia: current awareness, practice, and future directions,' Contemporary Nurse, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 33-45, https://dx.doi.org/10.5172/conu.2013.45.1.33 Ross K, Barr J, Stevens J 2013, Mandatory continuing professional development requirements: what does this mean for Australian nurses, BMC Nurs. 12(1). Doi: 10.1186/1472-6955-12-9

Project on Budgetary Control Essay Essay Example

Project on Budgetary Control Essay Paper 1. A budget is concerned for a definite future period. 2. A budget is a written papers. 3. A budget is a elaborate program of all the economic activities of a concern. 4. All the sections of a concern unit co-operate for the readying of a concern budget. 5. Budget is a mean to accomplish concern and it is non an terminal in itself. 6. Budget demands to be updated. corrected and controlled every clip when fortunes alterations. Therefore it is a uninterrupted procedure. 7. Budget helps in planning. coordination and control. 8. Different types of budgets are prepared by industries harmonizing to concern demands. 9. A budget acts a concern barometer. 10. Budget is normally prepared in the visible radiation of Past Experience. 11. Budget is a changeless enterprise of the Management. We will write a custom essay sample on Project on Budgetary Control Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project on Budgetary Control Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project on Budgetary Control Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2 Preparation OF BUDGETS 1. Definition of aims: A budget being a program for the accomplishment of certain operational aims. it is desirable that the same are defined exactly. The aims should be written out ; the countries of control demarcated ; and points of gross and outgo to be covered by the budget stated. This will give a clear apprehension of the program and its range to all those who must collaborate to do it a success. 2. Location of the key ( or budget ) factor: There is normally one factor ( sometimes there may be more than one ) which sets a bound to the entire activity. For case. in India today sometimes non-availability of power does non let production to increase inspite of heavy demand. Similarly. deficiency of demand may restrict production. Such a factor is known as cardinal factor. For proper budgeting. it must be located and estimated decently. 3. Appointment of accountant: Formulation of a budget normally requires wholeclip services of a senior executive ; he must be assisted in this work by a Budget Committee. dwelling of all the caputs of section along with the Managing Director as the Chairman. The Controller is responsible for co-ordinating and development of budget programmes and fixing the manual of direction. known as Budget manual. The Budget manual is a agenda. papers or brochure which shows. in written forms the budgeting administration and processs. The manual should be good written and indexed so that a transcript thereof may be given to each departmental caput for counsel. 3 4. Budget period: The period covered by a budget is known as budget period. There is no general regulation regulating the choice of the budget period. In pattern the Budget Committee determines the length of the budget period suited for the concern. Normally. a calendar twelvemonth or a period coextensive with the fiscal twelvemonth is adopted. The budget period is so sub-divided into shorter periods—it may be months or quarters or such periods as coincide with period of trading activity. 5. Standard of activity or end product: For fixing budgets for the hereafter. past statistics can non be wholly relied upon. for the past normally represents a combination of good and bad factors. Therefore. though consequences of the yesteryear should be studied but these should merely be applied when there is a likeliness of similar conditions reiterating in the hereafter. Besides. while puting the marks for the hereafter. it must be remembered that in a progressive concern. the accomplishm ent of a twelvemonth must transcend those of earlier old ages. Therefore what was good in the yesteryear is merely just for the current twelvemonth. In budgeting. repairing the budget of gross revenues and of capital outgo are most of import since these budgets determine the extent of development activity. For budgeting gross revenues. one must see the tendency of economic activity of the state. reactions of salesmen. clients and employees. consequence of monetary value alterations on gross revenues. the proviso for advertizement run program capacity etc. 4 Meaning of Budgetary Control: The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England and Wales has defined the footings ‘budgetary control’ as â€Å"Budgetary control is the constitution of budgets associating to theduties of executives of a policy and the uninterrupted comparing of the existent with the budgeted consequences. either to secure by single action the aim of the policy or to supply a footing for its alteration. † It is the system of direction control and accounting in which all the operations are forecasted and planned in progress to the extent possible and the existent consequences compared with the forecasted and planned 1s. Budgetary Control Involves: 1. Constitution of budgets 2. Continuous comparing of actuals with budgets for accomplishment of marks 3. Revision of budgets after sing changed fortunes 4. Puting the duty for failure to accomplish the budget marks. The outstanding characteristics of Budgetary Control System are as follows: 1. Determining the aims to be achieved. over the budget period. and the policy or policies that might be adopted for the accomplishment of these terminals. 2. Determining the assortment of activities that should be undertaken for the accomplishment of the aims. 3. Pulling up a program or a strategy of operation in regard of each category of activity. in physical every bit good as pecuniary footings for the full budget period and its parts. 5 4. Puting out a system of comparing of existent public presentation by each individual. subdivision or section with the relevant budget and finding of causes for the disagreements. if any. 5. Guaranting that disciplinary action will be taken where the program is non being achieved and. if that be non possible. for the alteration of the program. In brief. it is a system to help direction in the allotment of duty and authorization. to supply it with assistance for doing. gauging and be aftering for the hereafter and to ease the analysis of the fluctuation between estimated and existent public presentation. In order that budgetary control may work efficaciously. it is necessary that the concern should develop proper footing of measuring or criterions with which to measure the efficiency of operations. i. e. . it should hold in operation a system of standard costing. Besides this. the organisation of the concern should be so incorporate that all lines of authorization and duty are laid. allocated and defined. This is indispensable since the system of budgetary control postulates separation of maps and division of duties and therefore requires that the organisation shall be planned in such a modethat everyone. from the Managing Director down to the Shop Foreman. will hold his responsibilities decently defined. Aims of Budgetary Control System: 1. Portraying with preciseness the overall purposes of the concern and finding marks of public presentation for each subdivision or section of the concern. 2. Puting down the duties of each of the executives and other forces so that everyone knows what is expected of him and how he will be judged. Budgetary control is 6 one of the few ways in which an nonsubjective appraisal of executives or section is possible. 3. Supplying a footing for the comparing of existent public presentation with the preset marks and probe of divergence. if any. of existent public presentation and disbursals from the budgeted figures. This of course helps in following disciplinary steps. 4. Guaranting the best usage of all available resources to maximise net income or production. capable to the confining factors. Since budgets can non be decently drawn up without sing all facets normally there is good co-ordination when a system of budgetary control operates. 5. Co-coordinating the assorted activities of the concern. and centralising control and yet enabling direction to deconcentrate duty and delegate authorization in the overall involvement of the concern. 6. Engendering a spirit of careful premeditation. appraisal of what is possible and an effort at it. It leads to dynamism without foolhardiness. Of class. much depends on the aims of the house and the energy of its direction. 7. Supplying a footing for alteration of current and future policies. 8. Pulling up long scope programs with a just step of truth. 9. Supplying a yardstick against which existent consequences can be compared. Working of a budgetary control system: The duty for successfully presenting and implementing a Budgetary Control System rests with the Budget Committee moving through the Budget Officer. The Budget Committee would be composed of all functional caputs and a member from the Board to 7 preside over and steer the deliberations. The chief duties of the Budget Officer are: 1. To help in the readying of the assorted budgets by organizing the work of the histories section which is usually responsible to roll up the budgets—with the relevant functional sectionslike Gross saless. Production. Plant care etc. ; 2. To send on the budget to the persons who are responsible to adhere to them. and to steer them in get the better ofing any practical troubles in its working ; 3. To fix the periodical budget studies for circulation to the persons concerned ; 4. To follow-up action to be taken on the budget studies ; 5. To fix an overall budget working study for treatment at the Budget Committee meetings and to guarantee followup on the lines of action suggested by the Committee ; 6. To fix periodical studies for the Board meeting. Comparing the budgeted Net income and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet with the existent consequences attained. It is necessary that every budge t should be exhaustively discussed with the functional caput before it is finalized. It is the responsibility of the Budget Officer to see that the periodical budget studies are supplied to the receivers at frequent intervals every bit far as possible. The efficiency of the Budget Officer. and through him of the Budget Committee. will be judged more by the smooth working of the system and the understanding between the existent figures and the budgeted figures. Budgets are chiefly an inducement and a challenge for better public presentation ; it is up to the 8 Budget Officer to see that attending of the different functional caputs is drawn to it to confront the challenge in a successful mode. Advantages of Budgetary Control System: 1. The usage of budgetary control system enables the direction of a concern concern to carry on its concern activities in the efficient mode. 2. It is a powerful instrument used by concern houses for the control of their outgo. It in fact provides a yardstick for mensurating and measuring the public presentation of persons and their sections. 3. It reveals the divergences to direction. from the budgeted figures after doing a comparing with existent figures. 4. Effective use of assorted resources like—men. stuff. machinery and money is made possible. as the production is planned after taking them into history. 5. It helps in the reappraisal of current tendencies and framing of future policies. 6. It creates suited conditions for the execution of standard bing system in a concern organisation. 7. It inculcates the feeling of costconsciousness among workers. 8. It helps the principal of direction by exclusion to use. 9. Management which has developed a good ordered budget programs and which operate consequently. have greater favor from recognition bureaus. 9 Restrictions of Budgetary Control System: 1. Based on Estimates: Budgets may or may non be true. as they are based on estimations. 2. Time factor: Budgets can non be executed automatically. Accuracy in budgeting comes through experience. Management must non anticipate excessively much during the development period. 3. Cooperation Required: Staff co-operation is normally non available during budgetary control exercising. The success of the budgetary control depends upon willing co-operation and teamwork. 4. Expensive: Its execution is rather expensive. No budgetary programme can be successful unless equal agreements are made for supervising and disposal. 5. Not a replacement for direction: Budget is merely a managerial tool. It can non replace direction. 6. Rigid papers: Budgets are considered as stiff papers. But in world. firm’s personal businesss continuously change under inflationary force per unit area and altering authorities policies. 10 ZERO BASE BUDGETS The technique of zero base budgeting suggests that an administration should non merely do determinations about the proposed new programmes. but should besides reexamine the rightness of the bing programmes from clip to clip. Such a reappraisal should peculiarly be done of such duty Centres where there is comparatively high proportion of discretional costs. Costss of this type depend on the discretion or policies of the duty Centre or top directors. These costs have no direct relation to volume of activity. Hence. direction discretion typically determines the sum budgeted. Some illustrations are: outgo on research and development. forces disposal. legal consultative services. Zero base budgeting. as the term suggests. examines or reviews a programme or map or duty from ‘scratch’ . The referee returns on thepremise that nil is to be allowed. The director suggesting the activity has. hence. to warrant that the activity is indispensable and the assorted sum s asked for are sensible taking into history the end products or consequences or volume of activity envisaged. No activity or disbursal is allowed merely because it was being allowed or done in the past. Therefore harmonizing to this technique each programme. whether new or bing. must be justified in its entireness each clip a new budget is formulated. It involves: 1. Covering with peculiarly all elements of mangers’ budget requests 2. Critical scrutiny of on-going activities along with the freshly proposed activities 3. Supplying each trough a scope of pick in puting precedences in regard of different activities and in allocating resources. 11 Procedure of Zero Base Budgeting: The undermentioned stairss are involved in Zero base budgeting: Determining the aims of budgeting: The aim may be ‘to consequence cost decrease in staff operating expenses or it may be to drop. after careful analysis. undertakings which do non suit into accomplishment of the organisations objectives etc. Deciding on range of application: The extent to which zero base budgeting is to be introduced has to be decided. i. e. whether it will be introduced in all countries of the organisation’s activities or merely in a few selected countries on test footing. Developing determination units Decision units for which cost-benefit analysis is proposed hold to be developed so as to get at determinations whether they should be allowed to go on or to be dropped. Each determination unit. every bit far as possible should be independent of other units so that it can be dropped if the cost analysis proves to be unfavorable for it. Developing determinatio n bundles: A determination bundle for each unit should be developed. While developing a determination bundle. replies to the undermentioned inquiries would be desirable: †¢ Is it necessary to execute a peculiar activity at all? If the reply is in the negative. there is no demand to continue farther. †¢ How much has been the existent cost of the activity and what has been the existent benefit both in tangible every bit good as intangible signifiers? †¢ What should be the estimated cost of the degree of activity and the estimated benefit from 12 such activity? †¢ Should the activity be performed in the manner in which it is being performed. and what should be the cost? †¢ If the undertaking or activity is dropped. can the unit be replaced by an outside bureau? After finishing determination bundles for each unit. the units are ranked harmonizing to the findings of cost benefit analysis. Essential undertakings are identified and given the highest ranks. The last phase is that of implementing the determination taken in the visible radiation of the survey made. It involves the choice and credence of those undertakings which have a positive cost-benefit analysis or which are capable of run intoing the aims of the organisation. The above analysis shows that zero base budgeting is in a manner an extension of the method of cost benefit analysis to the country of the corporate budgeting. Advantages of Zero Base Budgeting: †¢ It provides the organisation with systematic manner to measure different operations and program mes undertaken. It enables direction to apportion resources harmonizing to precedence of the programmes. †¢ It ensures that each and every programme undertaken by directors is truly indispensable for the organisation. and is being performed in the best possible manner. †¢ It enables the direction to O.K. departmental budgets on the footing of cost-benefit analysis. No arbitrary cuts or increase in budget estimations are made. †¢ It links budgets with the corporate aims. Nothing will be allowed merely because it was being done in the yesteryear. An activity may be shelved if it does non assist in accomplishing the ends of the endeavors. 13 †¢ It helps in placing countries of uneconomical outgo and. if desired. it can besides be used for proposing alternate classs of action. †¢ It facilitates the debut and execution of the system of `management by objectives’ . Thus it can be used non merely for fulfilment of the aims of traditional budgeting. but besides for a assortment of other intents. It is contended that zero base budgeting is clip devouring. Of class. it is true. but it happens merely in the initial phases when determination units have to be identified and determination bundles have to be developed or completed. Once this is done. and the methodological analysis is clear. zero base budgeting is likely to take less clip than the traditional budgeting. In any instance. till such clip the organisation is decently acclimatized to the technique of zero base budgeting. it may be done in a manner that allduty centre’s are covered at least one time in three or four old ages. Zero base budgeting as a construct has become rather popular these yearss. The technique was foremost used by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1962. Texas Instruments. a transnational company. pioneered its usage in the private sector. Today. a figure of major companies such as Zerox. BASF. International Harvester and Easter Airlines in the United State are utilizing the system. Some sections of the Government of India have late introduced zero base budgeting with a position to doing the system of budgetary control more effectual. 14 PERFORMANCE BUDGETS Performance budgeting ( or programme budgeting ) has been designed to rectify the defects of traditional budgeting by stressing management’s considerations/ attacks. Both the fiscal and physical facets are incorporated into the budget. A public presentation budget presents the operations of an administration in footings of maps. programmes. activities. and undertakings. In public presentation budgeting. precise detention of occupation to be performed or services to be rendered is done. Second. the budget is prepared in footings of functional classs and their sub-division into programmes. activities. and undertakings. Third. the budget becomes a comprehensive papers. Since the fiscal and physical consequences are interwoven. it facilitates direction control. The Main aims of Performance Budgeting are: ( I ) to organize the physical and fiscal facets ; ( two ) to better the budget preparation. reappraisal and decision-making at all degrees of direction ( thre e ) to ease better grasp and reappraisal by commanding governments ( legislative assembly. Board of Trustees or Governors. etc ) as the presentation is more purposeful and apprehensible ; ( four ) to do more effectual public presentation audit possible ; and ( V ) to mensurate progress towards long-run aims which are envisaged in a development program. Performance budgeting involves rating of the public presentation of the administration in the context of both specific. every bit good as. overall aims of the administration. It presupposes a crystal clear perceptual experience of organizational aims in general. and short-run concern aims as stipulated in the budget. in peculiar by each employee of theadministration. irrespective of his degree. It therefore. provides a definite way to each employee and besides a control mechanism to higher direction. 15 Performance budgeting requires readying of periodic public presentation studies. Such studies compare budget and existent informations. and demo discrepancies. Their readying is greatly facilitated if the authorization and duty for the incurrence of each cost component is clearly defined within the firm’s organizational construction. In add-on. the accounting system should be sufficiently detailed and coordinated to supply necessary informations for studies designed for the peculiar usage of the persons or cost Centres holding primary duty for specific cost. The duty for fixing the public presentation budget of each section lies on the several Department Head. Each Department Head will be supplied with a transcript of the subdivision of the maestro budget appropriate to his domain. For illustration. the main purchaser will be supplied with the transcript of the stuffs purchase budget so that he may set up for purchase of necessary stuffs. Periodic studies from assorted subdivi sions of a section will be received by the departmental caput that will subject a drumhead study about his section to the budget commission. The study may be daily. hebdomadal or monthly. depending upon the size of concern and the budget period. These studies will be in the signifier of comparing of budgeted and existent figures. both periodic and cumulative. The intent of fixing these studies is to quickly inform about the divergences in existent and budgeted activity to the individual who has the necessary authorization and duty to take necessary action to rectify the divergences from the budget. 16 FUNCTIONAL BUDGET A functional budget is one which is related to map of the concern as for illustration. production budget relating to the fabrication map. Functional budgets are prepared for each map and they are subordinate to the maestro budget of the concern. The assorted types of functional budgets to be prepared will change harmonizing to the size and nature of the concern. The assorted normally used functional budgets are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Gross saless budget Production budget Plant use budget Direct-material usage budget Direct-material purchase budget Direct-labour ( forces ) budget Factory overhead budget Production cost budget Ending-inventory budget Cost-of-goods-sold budget Selling and distribution cost budget Administration disbursals budget Research and development cost budget ( xiv ) Capital outgo budget Cash budget 17 Illustration: Gross saless Budget: Gross saless forecast is the beginning of budgeting and hence gross revenues budget assumes primary importance. The measure which can be sold may be the chief budget factor in many concern projects. In any instance in order to chalk out a realistic budget programme. there must be an accurate gross revenues prognosis. The gross revenues budget indicates for each merchandise: 1. The measure of estimated gross revenues and 2. The expected unit merchandising monetary value. These informations are frequently reported by parts or by gross revenues representatives. In gauging the measure of gross revenues for each merchandise. past gross revenues volumes are frequently used as a starting point. These sums are revised for factors that are expected to impact future gross revenues. such as the factors listed below. 1. Backlog of unfilled gross revenues orders 2. Planned advertisement and publicity 3. Expected industry and general economic conditions 4. Productive capacity 5. Projected pricing 6. Findingss of market research surveies 7. Relative merchandise profitableness. 8. Competition. 18 Once an estimation of the gross revenues volume is obtained. the expected gross revenues gross can be determined by multiplying the volume by the expected unit gross revenues monetary value. the gross revenues budget represents the entire gross revenues in physical measures and values for a future budget period. Gross saless directors are invariably faced with job like expectancy of client demands. new merchandise demands. rival schemes and assorted alterations in distribution methods or promotional techniques. The intents ofgross revenues budget is non to try to gauge or think what the existent gross revenues will be. but instead to develop a program with clearly defined aims towards which the operational attempt is directed in order to achieve or transcend the nonsubjective. Hence. gross revenues budget is non simply a gross revenues prognosis. A budget is a planning and control papers which shows what the direction intends to carry through. Thus. the gross revenues budget is active instead than passive. A gross revenues prognosis. nevertheless. is a projection or estimation of the available client demand. A prognosis reflects the environmental or competitory state of affairs confronting the company whereas the gross revenues budget shows how the direction intends to respond to this enviro nmental and competitory state of affairs. A good budget flexible joints on aggressive direction control instead than on inactive credence of what the market appears to offer. If the company fails to do this differentiation. the budget will stay more a figure-work exercising than a on the job tool of dynamic direction control. 19 The gross revenues budget may be prepared under the undermentioned categorization or combination of categorizations: 1. Merchandises or groups of merchandises. 2. Areas. towns. salesmen and agents. 3. Types of clients as for illustration: ( I ) Government. ( two ) Export. ( three ) Home gross revenues. ( four ) Retail terminals. 4. Period—months. hebdomads. etc Example of Gross saless Budget: XYZ Ltd. Gross saless Budget for the Year Ended 31 March XXXX Particulars Units Selling Price ( P. U ) Total Gross saless Value ( Rs. ) Product A Merchandise B Total 5000 10000 75 80 375000 800000 1175000 20 Lead TO THE PREPARATION OF THE MASTER BUDGET When all the necessary functional budgets have been prepared. the budget officer will fix the maestro budget which may dwell of budgeted net income and loss history and budgeted balance sheet. These are in fact the budget sum-ups. When the maestro budget is approved by the board of managers. it represents a criterion for the accomplishment of which all the sections will work. On the footing of the assorted budgets ( agendas ) prepared earlier in this survey. weprepare below budgeted income statement and budgeted balance sheet. Illustration: Floatglass Manufacturing Company requires you to show the Master budget for the 31 March 2012 from the undermentioned information: Gross saless: Toughened Glass Bent Glass Direct Material Cost Direct Wages Factory Overheads: Indirect Labour Works Manager Foreman Rs. 500 per month Rs. 400 per month 2. 5 % on Gross saless Rs. 600000 Rs. 200000 60 % of Gross saless 20 workers @ Rs. 150 per month 21 Shops and Spares Depreciation on Machinery Repairs and Maintenance Other Sundries Administration. merchandising and Distribution Expenses Rs. 12600 Rs. 3000 Rs. 8000 10 % on Direct Wages Rs. 36000 per twelvemonth Solution: Master Budget for the Year Ending 31 March 2012 Particulars Amount ( Rs. ) Gross saless: Toughened Glass Bent Glass Total Gross saless Less: Cost of Production: Direct Material Direct Wages Prime Cost ( A ) Fixed Factory Overhead: 480000 36000 516000 600000 200000 800000 Amount ( Rs. ) 22 Works Manager’s Salary Foreman’s Salary Depreciation Light and Power Total Fixed Factory Overhead ( B ) Variable Factory Overhead: Shops and Spares Repairs and Maintenance Sundry Expenses Total Variable Factory Overhead ( C ) Works Cost ( A+B+C ) Gross Profit ( Sales- Works Cost ) Less: Administration. Selling and Distribution Expenses Net Net income 6000 4800 12600 3000 26400 20000 8000 3600 31600 574000 226000 36000 190000 23 Capital EXPENDITURE BUDGET: The capital outgo budget represents theplanned spending on fixed assets like land. edifice. works and machinery. etc. during the budget period. This budget is capable to rigorous direction control because it entails big sum of outgo. The budget is prepared to cover a long period of old ages and it undertakings the capital costs over the period in which the outgo is to be incurred and the expected net incomes. The readying of this budget is based on the undermentioned considerations: 1. Operating expense on production installations of certain sections as indicated by the works use budget. 2. Future development programs to increase end product by enlargement of works installations. 3. Replacement petitions from the concerned sections 4. Factors like gross revenues possible to absorb the increased end product. possibility of monetary value decreases. increased costs of advertisement and gross revenues publicity to absorb increased end product. etc. Merits/Adv antages: 1. It outlines the capital development programme and estimated capital outgo during the budget period. 2. It enables the company to set up a system of precedences. When there is a deficit of financess. capital rationing becomes necessary. 3. It serves as a tool for commanding outgo. 4. It provides the sum of outgo to be incorporated in the hereafter budget 24 sum-ups for computation of estimated return on capital employed. 5. This enables the hard currency budget to be completed. With other hard currency committednesss capital outgo committedness should besides be considered for the completion of the budget. 6. It facilitates cost decrease programme. peculiarly when modernisation and redevelopment is covered by this budget. 25 FIXED AND FLEXIBLE BUDGETS Fixed Budget: Harmonizing to Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England. â€Å"a fixed budget is a budget designed to stay unchanged irrespective of the degree of activity really attained† . A fixed budget shows the expected consequences of a duty centre for merely one activity degree. Once the budget has been determined. it is non changed. even if the activity alterations. Fixed budgeting is used by many servicecompanies and for some administrative maps of fabrication companies. such as buying. technology. and accounting. Fixed Budget is used as an effectual tool of cost control. In instance. the degree of activity attained is different from the degree of activity for budgeting intents. the fixed budget becomes uneffective. Such a budget is rather suited for fixed disbursals. It is besides known as a inactive budget. Essential conditions: 1. When the nature of concern is non seasonal. 2. There is no impact of external factors on the co ncern activities 3. The demand of the merchandise is certain and stable. 4. Supply orders are issued on a regular basis. 5. The market of the merchandise should be domestic instead than foreign. 6. There is no demand of particular labor or stuff in the production of the merchandises. 7. Supply of production inputs is regular. 8. There is a tendency of monetary value stableness. Generally. all above conditions are non found in pattern. Hence fixed budget is non of import 26 in concern concerns. Merits/advantages: 1. Very simple to understand 2. Less clip devouring Demerits/Disadvantages: 1. It is misdirecting. A hapless public presentation may stay undetected and a good public presentation may travel unfulfilled. 2. It is non suited for long period. 3. It is besides found unsuitable peculiarly when the concern conditions are altering invariably. 4. Accurate estimations are non possible. Flexible Budget Harmonizing to Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England. †a flexible budget is defined as a budget which. by acknowledging the difference between fixed. semi-variable and variable costs is designed to alter in relation to the degree of activity attained. † Unlike inactive ( fixed ) budgets. flexible budgets show the expected consequences of a duty centre for several activity degrees. You can believe of a flexible budget as a series of inactive budgets for different degrees of activity. Such budgets are particularly utile in gau ging and commanding mill costs and operating disbursals. It is more realistic and operable because it gives due consideration 27 to be behavior at different degrees of activity. While fixing a flexible budget the disbursals are classified into three classs viz. 1. Fixed. 2. Variable. and 3. Semi-variable. Semi-variable disbursals are farther segregated into fixed and variable disbursals. Flexible budgeting may beresorted to under following state of affairss: 1. In the instance of new concern venture due to its typical nature it may be hard to calculate the demand of a merchandise accurately. 2. Where the concern is dependent upon the clemency of nature e. g. . a individual covering in wool trade may hold adequate market if temperature goes below the freeze point. 3. In the instance of labour intensive industry where the production of the concern is dependent upon the handiness of labor. Merits/ Advantages: 1. With the aid of flexible budget. the gross revenues. costs and net income may be calculated easy by the concern at assorted degrees of production capacity. 2. In flexible budget. accommodation is really s imple harmonizing to alteration in concern conditions. 3. It besides helps in finding of production degree as it shows budgeted costs with categorization at assorted degrees of activity along with gross revenues. Hence the direction can easy choose the degree of production which shows the net income predetermined by the proprietors of the concern. 4. It besides shows the measure of merchandise to be produced to gain determined net income. 28 Demerits/Disadvantages: 1. The preparation of flexible budget is possible merely when there is proper accounting system maintained. perfect cognition about the factors of production and assorted concern fortunes is available. 2. Flexible Budget besides requires the system of standard costing in concern. 3. It is really expensive and labour oriented. Need for flexible budget: 1. Seasonal fluctuations in gross revenues and/or production. for illustration in soft drinks industry ; 2. A company which keeps on presenting new merchandises or makes alterations in the design of its merchandises often ; 3. Industries engaged in make-to-order concern like ship edifice ; 4. An industry which is influenced by alterations in manner ; and 5. General alterations in gross revenues. 29 Illustration: A mill which expects to run 7. 000 hours. i. e. . at 70 % degree of activity. furnishes inside informations of disbursals as under: Particulars Variable Expenses Amount ( Rs. ) 1260 Semi- Variable Expenses 1200 Fixed Expenses 1800 The semi-variable disbursals go up by 10 % between 85 % and 95 % activity and by 20 % above 95 % activity. Construct a flexible budget for 80. 90 and 100 per cent activities. Solution: Particulars Budgeted Hours Variable Expenses Semi-Variable Expenses Fixed Expenses Total Expenses Recovery Rate Per Hour 70 % 7000 1260 1200 1800 4260 0. 61 80 % 8000 1440 1200 1800 4440 0. 55 90 % 9000 1620 1320 1800 4740 0. 53 100 % 10000 1800 1440 1800 5040 0. 50 30 Difference between Fixed and Flexible Budget: Fixed Budget Flexible Budget It does non alter with existent volume of It can be recasted on the footing of activity activity achieved. Thus it is known as stiff degree to be achieved. Thus it is non stiff. or inflexible budget. It operates on one degree of activity and under It consists of assorted budgets for one set of conditions. It assumes that there different degrees of activity. will be no alteration in the prevalent conditions. which is unrealistic. Here as all costs like – fixed. variable and Here analysis of discrepancy provides utile semi-variable are related to merely one degree information as each cost is analyzed of activity so variance analysis does give utile information. If the budgeted and existent activity degrees differ Flexible budgeting at different degrees of significantly. so the facets like cost activity facilitates the ascertainment of ascertainment and monetary value arrested development do non give a cost. arrested development of selling monetary value and tendering right image . of citations. a meaningful footing of non harmonizing to its behavior. Comparison of existent public presentation with It provides budgeted marks will be meaningless comparing of the existent public presentation with specially when there is a difference the budgeted marks. between the two activity degrees. 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 ICAI Module on Cost Accounting 2 Newsletters and sentiments published by ICAI 3 hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Budget 4 World Wide Web. icai. org

Relation between authoritarianism and the construction Essays

Relation between authoritarianism and the construction Essays Relation between authoritarianism and the construction Essay Relation between authoritarianism and the construction Essay On the other hand, religion has a connection with authoritarianism, since it is a dominating group in certain countries and communities. However, religion can be against the evil other but in some cases it could be as oppressive as the evil other. So, what is the relationship between authoritarianism and the construction of the evil other and how does this relate to religion? One of the main characteristic of authoritarianism is to submit any inferior group in a society under the power or obedience of a superior group. For instance evil other is the superior group in a certain community; therefore, authoritarianism has a strong relationship in the construction of evil other. As an illustration, the government in Arab society is defined as evil other because of its desire to take control over women. It is a value to note, females in this country are degraded because the government and the authority, usually dominated by men see the women weak and incapable to take control over situations. Hence, men in Arab society are the evil other discriminating women to do Jobs and take position as egger authority, this evil enemy designation may be placed on a real group or an imaginary group, but either way, the enemy acquires an unreal and impossible stigma- they become an evil with allegedly supernatural powers (Lowlands 42). This quote explains that somehow the evil other possess an unexplainable power that lead them to do what they do. In other words, women in Arab society treated as objects, is the consequence of the men that abuse their power, because they think what theyre doing is right and thats why men have the strength for, to control society. Furthermore, religion is related to authoritarianism, because in some cases it takes over society to submit an inferior group under obedience of god, goddess or certain belief of a supreme power. Whatever group becomes the demonic other, religion often encodes in term of an evil other, an evil enemy (Lowlands 42). Lowlands explains that the practitioner of a certain religion convert their message against the evil other and often they see the evil enemy as inferior and demonic. However, there are situations when a particular religion takes an unfair action against what they call the evil other. For example, the religious terrorism which is things happen, but they can also blame our misfortunes on devilish others and punish them by killing them either individually or exterminating the whole lot of them at once (Lowlands 270). According to this quote the religious terrorism kill people in name of the religion because they see them as evil or because they want to accomplish a certain goal related to their belief. In relation to how this terrorism religion sees the evil Mark P Wore wrote in Sociology of Religion: A substantive and Transcriptional Approach Devilish others have been known to possess things that we would like to have for ourselves such as land, oil, diamonds, minerals and other valuable resources (Lowlands, 270). At the end, the terrorists might kill people because they want to have power, money and/or have control over a certain land; therefore they use the definition of evil or enemy as excuse to possess those valuable things. In conclusion, in society theres always going to be a dominating group targeting an inferior group to have authority over it. As a result, different authoritarianism are created by people depending what is the purpose or goal they want to achieve. So, the dominating group could be reflected in a religious group like the Islamic Extremism or as supreme authority like the Arab society. Consequently, Religion has a connection with authoritarianism and evil other, because three definitions has the characteristics of being superior in front of a group or society. Words Cited Lowlands, George. The Sociology of Religion: The substantive and Transcriptional Approach. California: Pine Forge Press, 1964. Print.

Managing Strategic Marketing Malaysian company PROTON Essay

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Discussion borad 4 international relations Essay

Discussion borad 4 international relations - Essay Example Apart from these, conflicts can be resolved through international organizations, international courts and treaties. In compellence and deterrence, power and influence are used respectively. Diplomacy involves direct and government-to-government contract whereby officials may communicate and dialogue to accomplish the desired goal. With relation to bargaining and negotiation, positional negotiation and principled negotiation are effective ways to use in conflict resolution. Promising rewards, persuasion, position, benefits, reliance on the legitimacy of claims are far better ways than using force of threat (Russett, Starr and Kinsella, 2009, p. 105- 130). Arab-Israeli conflict has long been a sensitive and rather extremely challenging issue that many media, world agencies and various politicians tried to solve it, but, it still remains to be more severe. In solving this conflict, any of the following three methods can be used, 1) Deterrence and diplomacy, 2) negotiated compromise alon g with diplomacy and 3) third-party mediation along with diplomacy. In all these, direct and government-to-government contact along with third-party involvement may also will work out.

A design of the promotional gift Essay Example for Free

A design of the promotional gift Essay Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. I’m Jackie Lee, designer of a company. Thank you for giving me an opportunity to participate in this competition to introduce my promotional gift design. The goal of my presentation is to introduce my promotional gift design, silicone watch, which is for my company. Firstly, I will introduce my company background and the reason of why I have a qualification to participate of this competition. Next, I would like to talk about why my design can have the market value. Then, I would like to describe the feature and benefits of my design, and explain how do my design can promote my company business. Finally, I will have a question and answer. I would like to begin with some background information. My company is a large corporation which is with many businesses and the business of my company are mainly develop some innovative and technology products. As last time I have designed a new silicone watch to be my company’s promotional gift. After this, we have received many positive comment from our clients. As the result, my company ask me to join this competition to enhance our company popularity. See more: Unemployment problems and solutions essay As you all know, ready-made gift in the market are not satisfy the dynamic design of trend. Therefore, my company design unique company gifts which best to suit our clients’ normal needs and lifestyle. The product of this kind of silicone watch is very popular nowadays. Many watch company and electronic company are both produce and selling the silicone watch and most of the customer are quite interest of this product because of the long lasting quality and it is practicality. As a result I design a unique silicone watch for our company clients. And this is the design of my silicone watch. On my design, I have chosen different color range to suit to my product that can let our client to choose their color which also represent our company is giving many chooses to our clients. Moreover, I also add a waterproof function into the product which can make it long lasting and to present the high professional quality of my company. And the final special benefit of the design is there are a function can connect with your octopus which also showing our company technology and make the customer more convenient. After we sent the gift to our client, we received many positive comment of our client and finally promote the business of our company effectively.

Imperialists Climate after the Civil War :: essays research papers

At the end of the nineteenth century, the United States emerged as a world power. Although Congress was reluctant to endorse expansionist schemes, during the end of the nineteenth century many others had become convinced that the United States had to adopt a more aggressive and forceful foreign policy. Some believed expansion would be good for American business. Others felt America had a duty to spread its way of life to less fortunate countries. Behind all the arguments, however; the United States was a great and important country, and it should start acting the part.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With America’s Navy rebuilt there was an emergence of aggression in foreign policy. The two developments originated from the same source: a ready acceptance of force as the final authority of international disputes. That acceptance of force led to the Spanish-American War of 1898. Those same attitudes, during the presidencies of B. Harrison and G. Cleveland between 1885 and 1897, almost caused several other wars. America’s attitudes changed toward foreign policy first with their relationship to Samoa, a group of 14 South Pacific volcanic islands with splendid natural harbors. American negotiated a treaty with a tribal chief to grant the United States rights to a naval station. Unfortunately, Germany had also decided that Samoa should belong to them. Through some conferences and a natural typhoon that wiped both Germany and United States out of the Pacific they finally came to an agreement without going to war. American troubles were a little different with Chile. Trade and strategic policy were not the reasons for interfering with Chile, but more of touchy pride and patriotism. A revolutionary faction had taken control of the Chilean government. During that time some US sailors were docked in their country. A riot had broken out and some sailors got hurt and a couple even got killed. What made matters worse was that the Chilean police, who were there, did not intervene. However, they took the sailors away to jail. The Americans sought for reparations for the insult and Chile refused to apologize. After threatening them to go to war, they finally decided to back down, by apologizing for the attack on the sailors and paying $75,000 compensation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hawaii figured prominently in American foreign policy planning by its location. Not only were they ideally situated along the trade routes to Asia, but they offered a perfect site for protecting the Pacific sea lanes to the American west coast and to the potential locations of a cape canal.

Describe a Library Essay

Ok, so the topic on my card is to describe a library that I visited, and I suppose I would like to choose the library in my college, which is a landmark in my campus. Now going on to my next point which is what it looked like, from the google map when you overlook it you will see a big rectangular surrounded by grass land sand trees. Therefore, the layout of this building is very organized. But the north and east exterior wall are all glass curtain walls. This will make the library sun-filled enough in during the daytime. The most interesting design, is that there are two trees(I really do not know what kind, it just like some big shrubs ) just live in the center of the first floor. I think it could flourish all the year round just because of the air conditioner. Because it is very hard to find some books suit for my research subject in the library and all journals have online edition so I seldom borrow a book or journal from the library. I often read some newspapers and magazines in the library and sometimes I also see a movie with my girlfriend if I could take a small desk only for two people, such kind of place is very hot. Finally then, I think all college students have their own memories with their college library. It just like a friend accompany with you, you prepare the exam there and finish your graduate thesis there, I think that’s why many people would like to take a picture with their library when they will graduate from the college.

The Art Of Teaching Music - 800 Words

Carlehr Swanson The Art of Teaching Music Prof. East Fall 2015 Midterm 1-4 Growing up I was painfully shy. If anything required public speaking, I would shy away from it. I lived my life being scared to ask for opportunities to share my talent, and hated being put on the spot. The more I developed as a performer, I realized I would have to talk, sometimes a lot. In High School I signed up for a Radio Broadcasting and Journalism class, simply because I liked music. In the class, shy people didn’t exist or pass the class for that matter. I was put on the spot constantly to stand in front of the class and present my news stories. For a test grade, I even had to host a radio show every week. The fear of speaking went away. Not only did I no longer have fear. I was good at it! When I spoke people listened. The talent was not inherited, or was it naturally there. However, the more I exercised the ability, the more it grew. My senior year of high school I said the morning announcements. Now, in college I do the Daily Update for Mason Cable News. I agree wit h Suzuki one hundred percent, â€Å"We must realize that talent, not only in music but in other fields as, is not inherited.† Coming from a long line of talkers, I didn’t have that ability, it was something I truly had to work at. Throughout my life, I have found that the experiences or activities that helped me the most in music weren’t necessarily music related. Instead of teaching my students legato and staccato by giving themShow MoreRelatedScott Schuler : The Five Guiding Principles Of Music Education958 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article titled â€Å"Five Guiding Principles for Music Education† published by the Music Educators Journal in March 2011, author Scott C. Schuler discusses the main goals music educators should have, and the specific processes in which they should go about their teachings in order to reach those set goals. He makes it clear that music educators should be principled. 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