Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Consumer law - Essay Example One of the problems, which will be analyzed using General Product Safety Regulations (GPSR) 2005 for guaranteed safety of a product bought will do with Kingsley purchasing a luxury coffee machine for Miriam’s mother from Home Appliances Limited (HAL). There is also the case of Kingsley, engaging the services of Ben to provide a specified kind of wallpaper for his room, which had been advertised on television. Under the Sale of Goods Act, 1979, a buyer is entitled and has the right to receiving exactly what he or she prefers from a seller2 but it turns out that this is not what happened to Kingsley. In the last case, which talks about Consumer Protection Act, Kingsley had gone to purchase a dog, which was advertised to be a pedigree dog. The dog was also said to be a very friendly dog that would make a wonder companion of the family as a family pet. However, two months after buying the dog, it turns out that the dog is not a pedigree but a crossbreed; turning out to be a very d angerous dog. LUXURY COFFEE MACHINE As part of consumer law and practice and by statutes in the General Product Safety Regulations, 2005, consumers are given maximum protection from defective products, such that the mere fact that a consumer shows that a product was faulty and thus caused damage should be enough to guarantee a substantiated claim3. Before, consumers had to prove negligence by the manufacturers of the products before their claims could be substantiated4. In relation to the case of the purchased made by Kingsley, it would be noted that the safety of the product purchase was not fully guaranteed because it caused both damage and harm. The product became damaged in the course of its usage, whiles the user of the product suffered physical harm. Clearly, the level of damage caused is only possible in electrical appliances that have faults because of the level of hotness that was recorded5. In Abouzaid v. Mothercare (UK) Ltd., 2001, claimant’s mother purchased a Cos ytoes sleeping bag, which was designed to be attached to a child’s pushchair with elastic straps but whiles fixing the product with his mother, one of the elastic straps slipped and lashed back, causing permanent eye damage to the user. Though the claim of damages in negligence was overruled by the court, it was held that Mothercare Ltd was still liable under the Consumer Protection Act strict liability provision because defect in the product is always a major consideration over the level of care exercised by the consumer and in the case of defect in the product, exercise of care may not necessarily protect the manufacturer from ensuring that there are no defects with their products6. Based on the case law available and the binding legislation, a number of considerations will be made when giving advice for the case of Kingsley and Miriam. In the first place, the fact that the product purchased is electrical equipment means that the case comes under the range of goods covered by safety regulations. Secondly, safety regulations are binding on both new and second hand products and so the product is also covered in this case. Specifically, the fact that the luxury coffee machine caused damage and harm by becoming excessively hot means that the product was not well insulated7. Meanwhile, under both the General Product Safety Regulations (2005) and Consumer Protection Act, 1987, it is required that electrical equipm

JPMorgan Chase Paper Essay Example for Free

JPMorgan Chase Paper Essay In the summer of 2012, JPMorgan Chase, the largest leading U. S. bank, announced trading losses from investment decisions made by its Chief Investment Office (CIO) of $5. 8 billion. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was provided falsified first quarter reports that hidden this massive loss. Discuss how administrative agencies like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) take action in order to be effective in preventing high-risk gambles in securities / banking, a foundation of the economy. In the summer of 2012, JPMorgan Chase, the largest leading U. S. bank, make known trading losses from investment verdict made by its Chief Investment Office (CIO) of $5. 8 billion. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was provided falsified first quarter reports that concealed this enormous loss. The duty of the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission is to protect investors, uphold fair, organize, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation. Obligatory public companies to disclose meaningful financial information to the public is an effective move toward the SEC takes in order to assure the securities of this nation (U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission). These assist investors prevent high-risk gambles and allows them to make the right decisions when deciding on which companies to invest in. The Commodity Future Trading Commission regulates the product futures and options markets. Its target includes the promotion of competitive and efficient futures markets and the protection of investors against manipulation, abusive trade scheme and fraud (U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission). Both the SEC and the CFTC played a role in investigating the massive trading losses in the case of JPMorgan Chase. The SEC’s investigation could only focus on the suitability and completeness of JPMorgan Chase financial reporting and other public disclosures. However; SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro stated that her agencys investigation is limited, because the trades happened in divisions of the banking giant that arent subject to SEC regulation (CNN Money). The leader of CFTC, Gary Gensler, give an opinion that â€Å"JPMorgans losses are worth looking into, because as a U. S. bank, it is an entity with direct admission to the Federal Reserves discount window and federal deposit insurance (CNN Money). Determine the elements of a valid contract, and discuss how consumers and banks each have a duty of good faith and fair dealing in the banking relationship. A contract is a legally obligatory promise or set of promises (Bagley, C. 2013). If this promise is broken, either party involved can be legally responsible and take the other party to court. There are four basic elements in the creation of a valid contract. The first consist of an agreement between the parties involved, by an presented offer and acceptance. The second states that the parties’ promises must be supported by something of worth, known as consideration. The third advises both parties must have the ability to enter into a contract. The fourth element states the contract must have a legal purpose (Bagley, C 2013). The duty of good faith and good dealing is implied in every contract. In recent years the mortgage industry has been seen as a prime example of how consumers and banks need to better understand and adhere to duty of good faith and good dealings. Consumers had the responsibility of understanding the contracts involved in borrowing the money needed for their homes. Banks had the responsibility of knowing who they should lend money to, and the conditions of the rates involved on the loans provided. Relationships between banks and consumers could have been avoided if the duty of good faith and good dealing was implemented on contracts granted between the banks and consumers. Compare and contrast the differences between intentional and negligent tort actions A tort is a body of rights, and obligations that is applied by courts in civil proceedings to provide relief for persons who have suffered harm. Tort means civil wrong resulting in injury to a person or property (Bagley, C. 2013). An intentional tort action is when there is intent to cause harm to a person or property . Intentional torts include things like assault and battery, slander, false imprisonment, libel, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. These torts are often, but not always, the case that an intentional tort is also a criminal act (Bagley, C. 2013). A negligent tort action is when a person is careless to his or her own actions and did not intend to cause harm to a person or property. Even though that person is negligent, he or she is still held legally responsible because of their careless actions. To illustrate the difference between negligence and an intentional tort, let’s look at an example with two different scenarios. The plaintiff is a woman named Ramona, and in both cases, she is suing because of a broken leg. state of affair #1: Ramona is walking down the aisle of Wal-Mart store when she slips and falls on a puddle of cooking oils. The owner of the store was negligent for not cleaning up the spill. Even though the store owner did not intend for Ramona to get hurt, he is still liable for her broken led because his negligence lead to her injury. Scenario #2: Molly is walking to her car when she is assaulted by a man who wants to steal her wallet. The assailant shoves her to the ground, and she breaks her wrist as a result of the attack. The police later catch the assailant, and Molly sues him for her injuries. In both cases the end result is the same; Ramona end up with a broken leg. Both defendants can be held liable for Ramona injuries, but for different reasons. The store owner is liable because he failed to clean up the spilled of oils, which a reasonable person would have done. The assaulter is liable because they intentionally caused harm to Molly by pushing her. Discuss the tort action of â€Å"Interference with Contractual Relations and Participating in a Breach of Fiduciary duty† and, if the bank you’ve chosen were to behave as JP Morgan did, would you be able to prevail in such a tort action. The interference with contractual relations defends the right to enjoy the benefits of legally binding agreements (Bagley, C 2013). The existence of a contract at the time of the assumed interference is what separates tortuous interference with contract from the more complicated to establish tortuous interference with prospective contractual relations. If good grounds exist for the interference, such as the case with JP Morgan, then the defendant would not be liable. With the advent of mobile banking, discuss how banks have protected the software that allows for online transaction to occur through automation. The majority banks inform consumers that they are protected by the Online Banking Security Guarantee, which covers the security of your information and bank accounts. Banks hold a liability of making sure the consumers security is protected, and if dishonored most banks will guarantee up to a 100 percent against theft of your funds from online banking services. While many worry about online banking, there’s good news that mobile banking is to some extent secure just for the reason that there are so numerous variations of banking apps and methods in the market. A thief has no way of predicting which technique a possible victim might use. Cited Work U. S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 1, 2013, from U. S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission: http://www. cftc. gov/index. htm CNN Money (n. d. ). Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http://money. cnn. com/2012/05/22/news/economy/jp-morgan-senate/index. htm U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 1, 2013, from U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission: http://www. sec. gov/ Bagley, C. (2013). Managers and the Legal Environment: Strategies for the 21st Century, 7th Edition. Mason: South-Western, Cengage Learning.

Racism in America Essay -- essays research papers fc

Racism has taken on many forms in America over the past several hundred years. The most substantial or well known is the plight of the African American slaves and the injustices they suffered. Today, a new form of racism is developing; one that has always been around but has now entered the forefront of most Americans minds. This new racism is against members of the Middle Eastern culture and religion. The actions of September 11th did not create a new problem, they just shed light on a problem that we have had for some time. Racism is everywhere in one form or another. To understand it, I think it is necessary to look at the history, causes, and ways to resolve it. HISTORY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between 1450 and 1850, at least 12 million Africans were shipped from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean — the notorious Middle Passage — primarily to colonies in North America, South America and the West Indies. Eighty percent of these kidnapped Africans were transported during the 18th century. Ten percent to 20 percent of them died en route. Unknown numbers of Africans, probably at least 4 million, died in slave wars and forced marches in Africa. In 1619, a Dutch slave trader exchanged his cargo of Africans for food in Jamestown. The Africans became indentured servants, similar in legal position to many poor Englishmen who traded several years of labor for passage to America. The race-based slave system did not develop until the 1680s. In 1638 an African man could be sold for about $27 and serve his entire life as a slave. In contrast, an indentured European laborer could earn as much as 70 cents a day toward paying off his debt and ending his servitude. In 1660 the trans-Atlantic slave trade begins, producing one of the largest forced migrations in history. From the early 16th to the mid-19th centuries, between 10 million and 11 million Africans were taken from their homes. The American colonies began enacting laws that defined and regulated slave relations, including a provision that black slaves, and the children of women slaves, would serve for life. Slave owners gave a great deal of attention to the education and training of the ideal slave. In general, there were five steps in molding the character of a slave: strict discipline, a sense of his own inferiority, belief in the master’s superiority, acceptance of the master’s standards and a deep sense of his own helples... ...derstand how they could hold these ideas to be so true and the research in this paper most definitely allowed me to take a deeper, un-biased look. I was able to see why they would be unable or unwilling to change things that were caused by years and years of social learning. It most definitely saddens me that there are still many people in this world that hold prejudices against others. I begin to think that the road to recovery has begun and then I will hear a slanderous word uttered against another person or see a terrible story on the evening news. Even the motivation behind some of our wars leaves me wondering. I believe in protecting ourselves, but at the same time things seem to move from retaliation to racial prejudice in many wars. We begin to lose focus on why we are there and who or what we are fighting for. That is a shame. WORKS CITED Spring, Joel. Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality: A Brief History of the Education of Dominated Cultures in the United States. June 26, 2012 Torraine Walker "Don't Feed the Race Trolls" Huffington Post 04/19/2015 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/torraine-walker/dont-feed-the-race-trolls_1_b_7091716.html

Impact of Cultural Differences, Internal and Environmental Factors at Airbus Essay

Employees are affected by a number of internal and external forces that when combined produce given behaviours and attitudes. In this paper, I will consider the key factors affecting individual and groups’ behaviour and their corresponding relationship to the personal and organisational performance. The scenario, Airbus’ manufacturing plant in Toulouse, is dominated by tensions amongst groups of workers with different cultural background. The impact of those cultural challenges, the pressures of delivering the A380s in time and the demands from the external environment will be some of the factors that will be considered in the analysis below. In order to understand the multiple forces and the organisational change processes undertaken by Airbus, two influential frameworks for change have been examined in this paper. The model introduced by Burke and Litwin (2002), and the approach presented by Kotter (1995), based upon the authors’ research into corporate change. 1. Individual factors Attitudes and personal behavioural codes consist of an organisation of feelings, thoughts and cognitions in a defined situation. Airbus’ employees appear not to be motivated to fulfil the group’s objectives as â€Å"there are too many tensions and too much suspicion† (Hollinger & Wiesmann, 2008), as reported by an official of the French union. As work motivation and job satisfaction are closely linked with the overall performance of workers, it is important to identify factors leading to job dissatisfaction at Airbus. The arrival of two thousand electricians to resolve wiring problem has impacted negatively on the Toulouse plant resulting in overcrowding, sudden change in industrial processes and dispositions against other individuals with a number of differences. The temperament and individual emotions are difficult to understand for people with diverse cultural upbringing. There are also differences in pay which are perceived as unequal an d negative, particularly for those employees not on secondment. In summary, individuals are often resistant to change which involve loss and uncertainty. One of the most common reasons for human resistance is the focus on their own best interests instead of the organisation’s (Kotter & Schlesinger, 1979). 2. Work group factors Although team diversity can potentially create a positive organisational synergy, the same can also create unique challenges resulting from social integration, tension, and conflict (Jehn, Northcraft & Neale, 1999). In the case of Airbus, it appears there are two leaders from different groups and cultures bringing different attitudes and dispositions to the groups, giving birth to nationalistic tensions between French and German employees. Management rivalries become a detrimental model for working groups (Drucker, 1986). Team engagement and social integration are then increasingly difficult as the majority of Germans are temporary employees coming from outside the company. Furthermore, the organisational culture of Airbus is affected by the lack of trust and transparency from management. In this situation, fear and suspicion emerge and French groups start to perceive the growing influence of German managers as unfair and unequal. All these factors create frustr ations amongst the teams and individuals thus producing uncertainty which affects the plant performance and the company’s ability to meet delivery schedules. 3. Organisational factors The organisational structure and culture as well as its policies and systems, together with the set goals influence employee and team behaviours. With this in mind, it is important to consider that Airbus and its parent company EADS were merged in the name of European unity and intended to be more competitive in the aerospace industry. With the internal pressures of company restructuring consisting of the A380 delivery targets and current production delays, Airbus workers become dominated by uncertainties and tension between different working groups. As Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) highlighted in their study, human resistance often emerges during organisational change efforts. Power 8, Airbus’ restructuring programme which consisted of undertaking a number of changes including job cuts, factory sales, new areas for components sourcing and leadership turnover, produces social tensions and management rivalries inside the organisation. 4. External environment An analysis of the national and global context of Airbus is crucial to understanding the influence of external forces producing both opportunities and threats to the organisation. Amongst those factors, pressures from politics, unions and public opinion are dominant forces in the case of Airbus. Competition in the global market, mainly between Airbus and Boeing, is also intense. Each company is under pressure and suffering from severe delays in delivery targets. State shareholders naturally makes the company subject to political interests and government rules and regulations affect Airbus’ operations management and its decision making process. Questions are raised about the compatibility of the company’s economic goals and its commitment to more political and social objectives. The leadership team need to engage and negotiate with trade unions, political parties and public movements to ensure success in the company’s outcomes. Thus pressur e from different groups makes it problematic for Airbus to align the internal organisation with the external forces. 5. Change dynamics Burke and Litwin (1992) present a causal model that helps to define and establish a cause-and-effect relationship between a number of organizational elements which are key to organizational change. The linkage between these is the key to effective change. They identify the external environment as the dominant factor driving change in organisations which affects their mission, culture, leadership and strategy. The company’s structure, systems, management practices, and climate are in turn linked to those dimensions and impact the overall performance. In the case of Airbus, the merger between Airbus and EADS and the strong competition of Boeing in the global aerospace market are the most dominant external forces. Those trigger a series of further changes in the company, which together, affects the motivation level of employees and work groups. 6. Change management issues Kotter (1995) in his corporate change analysis provides a number of lessons learnt which help understand the complex issues outlined in the Airbus case study. One of the issues in Airbus’ strategy is the lack of cooperation from individuals and teams. Morale and motivation are important factors to control and influence, especially in the first phase of the transformational process. Additionally, the role of leadership in terms of establishing a vision, communicating it and being the example of the new behaviours is also crucial. Airbus’ past rivalry between the former French and German management sides have been detrimental for the change effort. As Drucker (1986) points out â€Å"managers’ inability to change their attitudes and behaviour as rapidly as their organizations require† (Drucker, 1986) is a barrier for organisational growth. It is important to consider that changes take a long time to naturalise into the company cult ure. The benefit of Airbus’ restructuring programme, Power 8, cannot be judged before its time. The change in habits and rules destabilise people and the company’s exposure to public opinion and political interest increases the process of change in its complexity. Conclusion Today’s workforce is becoming more diverse in terms of age, gender and ethnicity. Managers are duty bound to develop skills to influence the relationship between team diversity and team outcomes by analysing the current situation and possible issues to be avoided. Changes are generally needed; in the instance of Airbus, they are implementing a large scale change affecting the organisational leadership, culture, structure and operations. Consequently, people affected by change experience some level of discomfort but leaders can increase their level of success by selecting the right strategy and approach to use with workgroups and individuals. Effective change management strategy should be consistent with the company’s management behaviour and the overall company’s culture, ensuring alignment of people internally and externally in the public environment. The change process in every organisation requires a length of time and readiness for individual chang e which proceed through stages which should not be overlooked for a successful outcome.

Theories of Crime: Comparisons and Contrasts

The causes of crime are still really not known. There are many different theories and perspectives on why crime exists. However, even with all of the studies and perspectives on crimes committed, it appears to me that the causes of crime are only speculative. Biological Theory The biological theories primarily study the physical constitution and endocrinology. They are a very good example of the theories that have not really received any practical support. The misunderstanding of these theories has caused a stereotype that if a person is a criminal then he or she was born as a criminal and any steps taken in order to change or to influence them are useless. Biological theories are only a part of and one of the interpretations of criminality but not the only ones. In the present time, there is no assertive evidence of the fact, that the physical constitution and other biological factors cause criminality. Nevertheless, these theories have a right to exist and there has been a lot of important information that is used in terms of the development of criminology as a science. The most vivid example of the biological determinism is the theory of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso based his theory on the assumption that criminals have certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. The origin of scientific criminology is usually traced to the research of Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909). Behavioral Crimes While some may not agree with me, I believe some people just commit crimes. A lot of these people were brought up in violent homes, had parents who were not good examples such as, taking harsh drugs, abusing their children, leaving their children alone for long periods of time and so on. True fact: I grew up with a very abusive father, who ended up killing our mother. I was one of nine children, all of whom were beaten grotesquely everyday and for no known cause. Certainly, we all grew up being adults as children (i. e. , protecting each other, always living in a â€Å"survival mode†) and we were terrorized on a daily basis. However, that having been said, my brothers and sisters and I tried, and for the most part, succeeded in actually growing up, getting sociably acceptable jobs, and we never committed a crime. We were blessed in the fact that, after we were older and were making our own money, we were able to seek out counseling and other avenues to overcome the terror that we all grew up with for 18 years. Our mother died at the very young age of 49 and because of that, she was taken away from us on September 1, 1980. Looking back on it, we all know that our father was basically mentally ill, denying or even thinking, he had an illness and he was just a very angry person and very jealous of our mother, who was a very beautiful, kind, loving (of all people) person. He resented the fact that he had children (which he let us know practically every day). I believe his violence and temper where a cause of possibly some form of schizophrenia and just plain selfishness. Nothing was ever positive to him. However, when he got drunk, which wasn’t very often, he became the nicest person on the planet. We children used to say to each other that – we wished we could keep him drunk all of the time. I believe his actions were based on a biological and behavioral imbalance. The Cognitive Theory Another true event. In July of 1991, while attending law school, I was on my way to classes and had to take the train to get there. While parking in an outside space, a young man (who was 6’ 3† tall and built just like a grown man) came up and put a gun to my head and told me to drive the car. He beat me brutally, and kept telling me to start the car and drive. Skipping over a lot of detail, it came down to where he almost choked me to death and I knew I was dying. Not to sound fanatical, but I said a prayer as I was dying and somehow, I got this superhuman strength and beat the heck out of his head and was able to escape from my car. In the end, he was caught within 10 minutes and had seven (7) felonies against him. He was sentenced to a Maryland State Penitentiary for 20 years and had to serve each felony on a concurrent basis. The reason for his attack on me was that he was being initiated into a gang and that was his initiation. He had to kill a female. As he came up clean on all drug and alcohol tests, it turned out that he was the son of the drug cartel Noriega’s chauffer. He was very angry at his mother for divorcing his father and therefore, decided to become a gang member. He may have been looking for acceptance, or just a way to vent his anger. That would be another speculative case. However, I believe his crime was based on the cognitive theory.

Film Synopses essays

Film Synopses essays This film showed the excavation of parts of Africa where it is believed that remains of Hominid (ancient man) lay. The physical anthropologists gathered their fossil finding which mainly consisted of teeth, after one excavation. The teeth were then compared to other teeth of hominids they had to give a time frame of existence for the remains they found. Another source for anthropologists is a museum in Kenya where Hominid fossils are safely kept in a vault. Entrance is very low and only select few are allowed to see remains. By comparing not only validity of the fossil but also the time in which the hominid lived. For many physical anthropologist the understanding of the transition of hominid evolution from archaic Homo sapiens to modern Homo sapiens, is still a plaguing question. Men and women communicate in different ways. Women give more acknowledgements than men do. Men feel uncomfortable with touching another man as where women would feel content with putting sunscreen on another female. Women are more actively understanding with each other, where as men abstain from this with other men. Communication between men and women is first understood in their body language. Men take up more space, with their legs and arms spread out, while women are more tentative and limit their body space as much as possible. In conversation women are more assertive and certain in questioning and answering. Where as men lack this and interrupt more. Traditional people of Ghana attend to their own physical needs before they refer to medicine. The traditional treatment is done through verbalization and spiritualization. The idea of illness is when spirits take control of the body. Spirits are also responsible for making people do things out of the social norms. When patients are in need of treatment for disease they seek help from a priest or priestess. The patients are usually brought to a shrine located some distance from...

Top 7 Criteria for Judging Your Law Personal Statement

Top 7 Criteria for Judging Your Law Personal Statement Top 7 Criteria for Judging Your Law Personal Statement One of the entry requirements for any course is writing a personal statement. This part of application is required by many universities for the reason that many students apply with the same grades. The question appears â€Å"How to distinguish those potential students who is really agreeable for a particular course?† For that purpose, most colleges and universities make a practice of writing personal statements by applicants, thereby asking write us a personal statement and we’ll see who you are. So, you have your Law personal statement written and you want to determine if it is worth sending to the university of your choice or not. More often than not, what seems like a quality statement at first, can turn out to lack several crucial points. Review carefully your writing and judge its content and structure according to the criteria suggested by admissions tutors. 1.   Your Admission Essay Must Be Well-Structured A well-structured essay is considered to have a clear and logic framework. The aim is to stick to the way of writing in which all the parts of essay are connected with each other and form a whole. So, what are these parts of a good personal statement for a Law course? Introduction is a part where you need to explain the reasons why you want to study Law at university. In other words, show that you are strongly motivated to learn the subject. Observe 5 reasons to love studying law given by the Guardian. Body should be devoted to your work experience. Your experience should be law-related. Writing about extracurricular activities, during which you were debating over the human rights, volunteering for giving free legal advice comes in handy. The aim is to demonstrate that you’re hard-working. Conclusion contains the key points you come to concerning your future in the profession. Strong motivation, experience in the legal profession lead you to working towards the specific goals. Share them with admissions coordinators. 2.   Introduction of Your Personal Statement Must Be Memorable The first paragraph of your personal statement has to stand out and capture the reader’s attention immediately. Keep in mind that the main answer, the question to which will be searched by admissions officers in your Law personal statement, is â€Å"why law interests you?†. So, don’t remain this question unanswered in the introduction. At the Student Room, you can find the good examples of law personal statements. 3.   Your Personal Statement Must Feature Your Real Merits It is quite common for students to exaggerate their achievements in order to impress their tutors. Avoid painting a rosy picture as administrators are able to identify if the achievements are a little grand to be true. You’re recommended to achieve success, which you tend to describe in the personal statement, before the interview with admissions officers. 4.   Your Evidence Must Be Underpinned with Relevant Facts Many Law professors advise students to avoid talking about criminal justice in their statements as it is very different from Law. Moreover, you can be aware of not all details. They also encourage students to use relevant real-life examples in their statements when discussing cases that inspired you to pursue the career in Law. 5.   Your Personal Statement Must Suit the Requirements The Princeton Review highlights the importance of delivering your law personal statement as required by each school you apply to as. Writing multiple statements is not ideal. The best trick is to adjust your original statement and make it suitable according to each specific institution requirements. For example, the University of Washington provides with different types of an admission essay their admission committee wants to see. 6.   Your Personal Statement Must Be Unique Your statement should contain detailed reasons for your degree choice and a brief but adequate explanation why you should study Law at that particular school. Ensure that your statement is not filled with common terms like â€Å"passion† or clichà © reasons why you are a right fit for the program. It should also not contain slang terms or casual words like â€Å"awesome†. In addition to this, you should use tools online to check for plagiarism and similarities with other statements before submitting yours. 7.   Your Personal Statement Must Be Free of Mistakes If you ignore this point, you risk being ignored by admissions officers. Mistakes are bound to happen sometimes, but not in your personal statement. Their occurence can say about the lack of diligence, attention and knowledge. The good idea is to double check your paper, even better, triple check in order to be sure that it doesn’t contain any grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes. The common typos are â€Å"your† instead of â€Å"you’re† or â€Å"then† instead of â€Å"than†., etc. Be attentive while writing and more attentive while proofreading. A well-written Law personal statement raises your chances of being accepted into university of your dream. Keep the statement simple, personal and free of the tiniest mistakes. Do it yourself or with the help of our experienced academic writers. We’re open to you 24/7 to make your personal statement eye-catching.

Example Sentences of the Verb Eat for ESL Learners

Example Sentences of the Verb Eat for ESL Learners This page provides example sentences of the verb eat in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form eatPast Simple atePast Participle eatenGerund eating Present Simple I usually eat at six oclock. Present Simple Passive Dinner is usually eaten at six oclock. Present Continuous We are having dinner at six this evening. Present Continuous Passive Dinner is being eaten at six this evening. Present Perfect He has already eaten. Present Perfect Passive Dinner hasnt been finished yet. Present Perfect Continuous We have been eating for two hours! Past Simple Jack ate a great lunch at Marcos Restaurant. Past Simple Passive A great lunch was eaten at Marcos Restaurant. Past Continuous We were eating lunch when she burst into the dining room. Past Continuous Passive Lunch was being eaten when she burst into the dining room. Past Perfect He had already eaten lunch when we arrived. Past Perfect Passive Lunch had already been eaten when we arrived. Past Perfect Continuous They had been eating for two hours when he got home. Future (will) They will eat lunch at work. Future (will) passive Lunch will be eaten in a restaurant. Future (going to) We are going to eat dinner at home this evening. Future (going to) passive Dinner will be eaten at home this evening. Future Continuous We will be eating French food this time next week. Future Perfect They will have eaten dinner by the time we arrive. Future Possibility The might eat in a restaurant. Real Conditional If she eats before she leaves, well have lunch alone. Unreal Conditional If she ate more, she wouldnt be so skinny! Past Unreal Conditional If she had eaten more, she wouldnt have become ill. Present Modal You should eat more spinach! Past Modal He might have eaten before he left. Quiz: Conjugate With Eat Use the verb to eat to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. I usually _____ at six oclock.He _____ already _____ lunch when we arrived.We _____ lunch when she burst into the dining room.We _____ dinner at home this evening.They _____ dinner by the time we arrive.If she _____ more, she wouldnt be so skinny!Jack _____ a great lunch at Marcos Restaurant.A great lunch _____ at Marcos Restaurant yesterday.We _____ dinner at home this evening.He _____ already _____.Dinner _____ at six this evening. Quiz Answers eathad eatenwere eatingare going to eatwill have eatenatewas eatenare going to eathas eatenis being eaten

Strategic Management Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Management Corporate Strategy - Essay Example Do you think your final report based upon the 5 steps chosen in question 1 above would be a valid strategic management process b. What precautions might you want to attach for readers as they read and interpret the report Yes. The final report based on these five steps listed in the earlier question will make up a valid strategic management process. However there are certain points of caution, which the readers should have in their mind. They are: 1. The strategy works towards continuous improvement of the processes or actions to reach the targets set and not to change the target itself in the name of improvement. 2. The strategy choice is based on various factors that make up the corporate strategy. However, the reader should be cautious that the alignment of this strategy to the corporate objective is as per the visualizations done. There could be gaps in them and this needs to be straightened out. 3. The reader should also note that the action plans and functional tactics are based on the various parameters that are available and the experience of the person evaluating the scope of work. There are bound to be some errors and mistakes in this evaluation. 3.(25 points)a. Compare and contrast the nature of external factors with the nature of internal factors. Give three examples each of external and internal factors. b. Discuss an example where an organization might be able to increase its control/influence over an external factor. c. Since external factors can impact the profitability of an organization, why do we have financial performance as an internal factor d. How does misclassifying an internal factor as an external factor in the EFE impact the analysis External factors that considered during analysis are: Opportunities and threats. For... The final report, that was discussed in the essay and based on the five steps, that were listed in the essay will make up a valid strategic management process. However, the researcher states that there are certain points of caution, which the readers should have in their mind. They are: The strategy works towards continuous improvement of the processes or actions to reach the targets set and not to change the target itself in the name of improvement. The strategy choice is based on various factors that make up the corporate strategy. However, the reader should be cautious that the alignment of this strategy to the corporate objective is as per the visualizations done. There could be gaps in them and this needs to be straightened out. The reader should also note that the action plans and functional tactics are based on the various parameters that are available and the experience of the person evaluating the scope of work. There are bound to be some errors and mistakes in this evaluati on. In the end of the essay, the researcher aims to compare and contrast the nature of external factors with the nature of internal factors and also gives three examples, both of external and internal factors, that can impact the profitability of an organization. In conclusion, the researcher discusses how to thoroughly analyze the proposed strategy selection of strengthening the strengths of the company and to capitalize on the same to cash in on the opportunities has been done after a detailed analysis of the existing scenario.

Personal development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal development - Essay Example Learning theories also stress that behaviors are based on conditioning, and without experiences, it is not possible for an individual to shape his or her behavior in a positive way. Learning is a process, which makes a person perfect in all fields of life. We can take an example of a country’s laws, which are made by the government of that country to make the citizens live their lives accordingly. Laws are very important for the whole nation’s progress because they are solutions to all sorts of political and social problems. All citizens are supposed to respect the laws in order to live a peaceful and systematic life. If a person breaks a law, the law-enforcing department of that country punishes that person for breaking that specific law. Now that punishment will act as a process of learning for that person based on his personal experience, as he will never try to break that law again in life. Learning plays its part in all aspects of an individual’s life, such as, education, social interactions, decision-making, and professional life. In education, learning is an ongoing process. A child starts learning from a very early age in school and keeps on learning different behaviors and emotions, which he observes. Learning those behaviors and emotions are very important for a child in order to survive in society in a proper way. Education is another word for learning because it makes us aware of different things, which we do not know. Teachers make us view the life from different angles strengthening our process of learning. We get awareness about different subjects in schools and express the acquired knowledge in different social and professional environments. Learning also improves our social interactions in an effective manner. We learn different behaviors and expressions from the people around us and make use of those behaviors while interacting with other people. Effective social interactions need a good knowledge of all requirements of ef fective communication. When a person has required knowledge of how to communicate effectively with other people, he does not find any kind of difficulty in improving his social interactions. Without having knowledge of effective communication skills, a person can never interact properly with other people. Learning is a process, which improves our social interaction skills by making us acquire required knowledge related to effective communication essentials. Learning also helps us progress in our professional lives. A person interacts with other people, such as, colleagues and managers, and acquires knowledge, which helps that person progress in professional career. Effective workplace communication skills are essential for the success of an employee. Without learning effective communication skills, an employee can never achieve desired success in his professional life. An employee needs to learn how to interact effectively with colleagues and other officials in order to open the cha nces for professional success. Learning also helps us improve our decision-making abilities. Without good and sufficient knowledge, we cannot take correct decisions because decision-making needs knowledge of all aspects of a situation. Learning injects that knowledge in our minds based on our own experiences, which helps us take correct and the most suitable decision regarding any specific matter. Learning is an intangible process. â€Å"Our ability to learn and our intellectual capacity

LUXURY CAR BRANDS MARKETING HIGHLIGHT QUESTIONS Essay

LUXURY CAR BRANDS MARKETING HIGHLIGHT QUESTIONS - Essay Example To make the drive comfortable for the passengers, Kluger comes with Captain Seats and conversation mirror. Multi Zone Climate Control (which controls temperature in different parts of the cabin), Rear seat DVD player with headphones, Integrated Puddle Mirrors, add to the pleasure of travelling in Kluger. The driver of the luxury crossover enjoys the privileges of Multi Information Display while on move (with climate control settings), Steering Wheel Audio Controls, Cruise Control ( to keep within desired speed limits), satellite navigation and smart keyless entry system. Augmented product Ownership of Toyota Kluger comes with augmented features such as 3year/100,000km+ warranty, Personal Vehicle Loan, Novated Lease, Novated Lease Vehicle package, Business Loan (all through Toyota Finance) and Capped Price Service Advantage up to six services. Toyota uses a range strategy to promote Kluger. Toyota is known for its upmarket automobiles, quality and its premiumness. To promote Toyota as a brand, the company concentrate its efforts on creating a single united culture of safety and durability synonym with Toyota. Kluger is an extension of the Toyota culture for the comfort and enjoyment of entire family. Kluger, a crossover vehicle is launched to tap the demand of upper class families who may make occasional pleasure trips within or outside the city. Kluger aims to establish itself as a synonym for luxurious, enjoyable, family transport vehicle. It target Generation X who vote for ease of use of vehicle along with style. Toyota is using its online resources as the main way to market Kluger in Australia; rest of the marketing efforts support this focus. Main reason for promoting Kluger through website is because upmarket Gen X in Australia generally uses web as the primary mode of research while buying high involvement products such as car. Toyota’s website acts as a quasi sales representative of its models that not only imparts vehicle specifications but also helps the prospective buyer in understanding how he can make the best use of Kluger. The website hosts live footage of people who relate their experiences while using Kluger. The website aims at providing a virtual walk through to the prospective buyer of the interior, exterior and experience of travelling in a Kluger along with the assurance of Toyota so that the buyer may have enough confidence on the Kluger to book a test drive (Toyota charges with Cavalry, 2008). Ans. 2 Product mix or the assortment of cars offered by Toyota, Ford and Honda seem to differ based on the target group of each of the above mentioned companies. While Honda has the shortest product line, Ford has the longest with Toyota ranking in between both of them. Honda has divided its product line mainly on the basis of compact and large cars. Its major models marketed in Australia are: Jazz, City, Insight, Civic Si-Type R (in compact segment) and Accord, Euro, Odyssey, CR-V, Legend (in large car segment). It do es not have a subcompact car nor a mid size or full size SUV (CR-V being compact SUV). Honda does not have a sub-compact car or a top end car in Australia. A major reason could be that Honda does not yet have a manufacturing facility in Australia and it imports all its cars to the continent. Hence, it has maintained a short product line in Australia. Honda’

How valid is this assessment of the july plot of 1944 The plotters Essay

How valid is this assessment of the july plot of 1944 The plotters were not courageous men whose purpose was honourable but reckless men who acted out of their own self interest - Essay Example Gisevius (1998) describes the situation in Germany, under Nazi control in that period, as a nation whose leaders felt â€Å"only in terms of violence.† He further explains: How easily naked violence is spread & practiced! We can observe this even more in the sub-leaders than in Hitler†¦ Party leaders and sub-leaders found themselves in positions of power beyond their wildest dreams†¦ They had no professional training. They knew nothing about the law. They did not trust the professional officialdom who worked under them. They simply dictated, in the firm conviction that their subjects would obey†¦ First, they conquered power. By means of power they achieved totality. Soon they tasted the pleasures of arbitrary rule. And then, swiftly, they plunged into excess†¦ (pp 101 & 102). Thus began the savage rule which was to become a canker sore in the mouth of not only Europe, but the entire world for years. It is also interesting to note that several moves had been made to overthrow Hitler even before the war began. Even though it seems clear, it is important, at this point, to insist that the plot of July 1944 was not just an attempt by a bunch of renegade army officers to kill Adolf Hitler and take over his government, but a truly patriotic and humanitarian move to liberate and distance the German nation from the vices of greed, hate, genocide and absolutism, all of which the Nazi government embodied. Germany was in the heart of the Second World War, and there was a wanton killing of Jews in German concentration camps all over Europe. â€Å"If the plot had succeeded, the war could have been shortened, the slaughter ended and the lives of millions of Jews saved† (Holocaust Educational Trust of Ireland). At the immediate conception of the plot, however, opposition to Hitler’s government was not military, but simply political. But by the mid 1930’s, several trade and political opposition groups, which existed or voiced their discontent with his

Third-party consultant to perform a penetration test Term Paper

Third-party consultant to perform a penetration test - Term Paper Example This poses a threat to the ability of the organization to protect their secret information and other essential information that should not be exposure to the public or unauthorized persons. The most commonly deployed security systems include anti-virus software, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. The organizations and institutions are interested in securing their information systems in order to protect some of the vital information and contents that are restricted to non-executive members of the firm. However, this is not very effective as these institutions are faced with the task of ensuring proper information security. It is reported that most organization incurs losses because their security systems are hacked and critical details of the organization exposure to the competitors and enemies. This therefore lowers the ability of the organization to excel and protects its key information systems. The business community is not spared too. Hackers pose a great security threat to the secrecy of information of organizations and the business community. ... ically a method in which the security of a network and the computers that are involved in the network are evaluated so as to determine the degree of security on the network or the strength of the response to the breach of the security. It is also referred to as a pentest which is a short form of the term in full. A penetration test is conducted by simulating an attack to the system from either external or internal threats, or both, on a network or a computer system (Allen, 2012). It is therefore evident that penetration testing is vital for ABC Company which has high presence in the internet. In the present day, the world is indeed a global village and due to the fact that information is power, every organization endeavors to protect its information from people who would go to any length to obtain information from an organization. Organizations and institutions use penetration test as a way of identifying the weakness and vulnerabilities of their security and network systems and maki ng necessary protection measures. The penetration test entails the application of attacking methods that are conducted by professional who are entrusted with the organization’s essential information. However, the same attacking systems are used by the hackers and hostile intruders, hence posing more threat to the organization following the fact that such information are very sensitive to be exposed. Depending on the nature and type of the penetration test to be conducted, the entire security building process entails IP address scan in order to assist in the identification process of machines used in the offering of the system information and other services with known degree of vulnerability and further exploiting the existence of any unpatched operation system that may also be vulnerable

Motivation and Its Impact on Employees Commitment and Work Performance Essay

Motivation and Its Impact on Employees Commitment and Work Performance - Essay Example According to Gallup Organization research, â€Å"only 29 percent of employees are motivated and energized† (Daft 2007: 248). A similar Towers Perrin global survey reveals even lower results with only 14 percent of employees across the world showing high engagement levels in their jobs. Empowering employees promotes motivation which in turn increases their engagement and commitment to their jobs, these factors raise their performance levels, and ultimately increase the company’s competitive advantage. Employee motivation is inducement or incentive which may be self-generated or produced by external forces, that promotes satisfaction and an urge towards improvement in performance. Employee commitment is defined as the attachment, loyalty, and the â€Å"strength of the individual’s identification with, and involvement in a particular organization† (Armstrong 2006: 271), and includes the employee’s extent of engagement in his job. Productivity is define d as â€Å"the efficient as well as the effective use of resources to achieve outcomes† (Berman, Bowman, West & Van Wart 2005: 309). Productivity is related to the quality of human resources and their performance. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of empowering employees to increase their motivation levels, and with the help of relevant theories and examples explain how motivation can affect employees’ commitment and performance at work. The Empowerment of Employees to Motivate Them Empowerment is the process of increasing employees’ responsibilities while holding them accountable for outcomes. The purpose of empowerment is to get employees to take responsibility for producing results rather than merely â€Å"following rules and regulations without producing tangible results† (Berman et al, 2005: 316). It includes various factors such as re-engineering and re-designing existing delivery processes to make them less error-prone, more efficient, effective, and timely. Re-organization of the company’s operations to eliminate wastage of resources and personnel, and replacement of earlier methods of working with information technology are also reforms that empower the workforce. Replacement of old tasks with high technology equipment or new approaches would require staff training for new responsibilities. Any anxiety on the part of workers should be addressed by human resources personnel to help employees increase their skill sets, and when any jobs become obsolete the employees should be helped to find comparable jobs within the organization. An example of addressing employees’ concerns regarding management’s disinterest in their welfare, is the Scotland-based insurance intermediary Kwik-Fit Financial Services.

Third-party consultant to perform a penetration test Term Paper

Third-party consultant to perform a penetration test - Term Paper Example This poses a threat to the ability of the organization to protect their secret information and other essential information that should not be exposure to the public or unauthorized persons. The most commonly deployed security systems include anti-virus software, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. The organizations and institutions are interested in securing their information systems in order to protect some of the vital information and contents that are restricted to non-executive members of the firm. However, this is not very effective as these institutions are faced with the task of ensuring proper information security. It is reported that most organization incurs losses because their security systems are hacked and critical details of the organization exposure to the competitors and enemies. This therefore lowers the ability of the organization to excel and protects its key information systems. The business community is not spared too. Hackers pose a great security threat to the secrecy of information of organizations and the business community. ... ically a method in which the security of a network and the computers that are involved in the network are evaluated so as to determine the degree of security on the network or the strength of the response to the breach of the security. It is also referred to as a pentest which is a short form of the term in full. A penetration test is conducted by simulating an attack to the system from either external or internal threats, or both, on a network or a computer system (Allen, 2012). It is therefore evident that penetration testing is vital for ABC Company which has high presence in the internet. In the present day, the world is indeed a global village and due to the fact that information is power, every organization endeavors to protect its information from people who would go to any length to obtain information from an organization. Organizations and institutions use penetration test as a way of identifying the weakness and vulnerabilities of their security and network systems and maki ng necessary protection measures. The penetration test entails the application of attacking methods that are conducted by professional who are entrusted with the organization’s essential information. However, the same attacking systems are used by the hackers and hostile intruders, hence posing more threat to the organization following the fact that such information are very sensitive to be exposed. Depending on the nature and type of the penetration test to be conducted, the entire security building process entails IP address scan in order to assist in the identification process of machines used in the offering of the system information and other services with known degree of vulnerability and further exploiting the existence of any unpatched operation system that may also be vulnerable

On Relation between a book and a topic Speech or Presentation

On Relation between a book and a topic - Speech or Presentation Example Los Angeles was the most popular getaway for immigrants during the 1980’s.The violence, killings by the death squads, financial turndown and worsening political situation of Guatemala forced its natives to immigrate to United States of America (Hong, n.d) Hector Tobar’s book â€Å"The Tattooed Soldier† is a heartfelt story of tragedy and revenge. It shows us the real picture of the poverty stricken and depressing lives of the immigrants to L.A.The main story of â€Å"The Tattooed Soldiers† revolves around a young man Antonio Bernal who is a citizen of Guatemala but forced to immigrate to L.A. He used to live in Guatemala along with his family when one day his wife and infant son were killed by the leader of the death squad, Guillermo Longoria (the tattooed soldier). Antonio immigrates to L.A in the hope to lead a better life but to this despair he finds only poverty and homelessness in such a big city. During the 1980’s, the immigrants believed that L.A was a place where one could live safely with his family and be financially well off but the reality was entirely different.

Victor Frankl and Existentialism Essay Example for Free

Victor Frankl and Existentialism Essay Viktor Frankl, psychiatrist and concentration camp survivor, is the man credited with â€Å"translating existential philosophy to practical reality† (Kottler and Brown, 2000). Frankl was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1905. He studied neurology and psychiatry at the University of Vienna, and in 1940 became director of the Neurological Department of the Rothschild Hospital in Vienna. Before the outbreak of World War II, Frankl had the chance to go to America. He decided to stay in Vienna instead because of something his father had recovered from a synagogue recently destroyed by the Nazisa block of marble bearing the first letters of the Commandment â€Å"Honor thy father and mother that thy days may be long upon the land. † Frankl and his family were sent to Auschwitz in 1942. Frankl was the only one to survive (Scully, 1995). It was in Auschwitz that Frankl began to put together his existentialist ideas. He noticed that those prisoners who created personal meaning from this hellish experience were the ones most likely to survive. Frankl himself came to realize that â€Å"suffering is an ineradicable part of life, even as fate and death. Without suffering and death human life cannot be complete† (Frankl, 1946). In 1946 he published Man’s Search for Meaning, a book titled From Concentration Camp to Existentialism in its German editions. Frankl’s goal for the book is simple: â€Å"I had wanted simply to convey to the reader by way of concrete example that life holds potential meaning under any conditions, even the most miserable ones. And I thought that if the point were demonstrated in a situation as extreme as that in a concentration camp, my book might gain a hearing. I therefore felt responsible for writing down what I had gone through, for I thought it might be helpful to people who are prone to despair† (Frankl, 1946). Frankl continued to work with existentialist theory throughout his life, developing a psychotherapy known as logotherapy. He also continued to write, publishing another 31 books. Frankl died in 1997. Frankl’s ideas regarding logotherapy grew out of the philosophy of existentialism. This philosophy has its beginnings in the writings of Soren Kierkegaard and Martin Heidegger. Existentialist philosophy is difficult to explain, but â€Å"Basically the existentialist assumes that existence precedes essence, that the significant fact is that we and things in general exist, but that these things have no meaning except as we through acting upon them can create meaning† (Holman, 1972). Logotherapy, considered the Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy, â€Å"regards the search for meaning as the primary human motivation. . . . A human being is not a mere puppet of biological, hereditary and environmental forces, but is always free to take a stand toward inner conditions and outer circumstances† (Viktor Frankl Institute). Logotherapy leads patients to discover meaning in their lives in one of three ways: â€Å"(1) by creating a work or doing a deed; (2) by experiencing something or encountering someone; and (3) by the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering† (Frankl, 1946). â€Å"Logotherapy amounts in nearly all situations to the advice, ‘Get to work. ’ Other psychologies begin by asking, ‘What do I want from life? Why am I unhappy? ’ Logotherapy asks, ‘What does life at this moment demand of me? ’† (Scully, 1995). There are definite difficulties with logotherapy. It is highly intellectual, and therefore not appropriate for those of low intelligence (Kottler and Barton, 2000). It requires a great deal of intellectual energy, even from those with very high IQ’s. It also disregards possible biochemical connections associated with some forms of mental illness. But despite the criticisms, I find existential theory and logotherapy useful as guides for an attitude toward life. I first became interested in existentialism through literature. Then last fall, I read James F. T. Bugental’s Search for Existential Identity and became interested in how something I had studied as literary theory could be used as a method to treat patients. Researching for this paper has led me to the works of Viktor Frankl. Existentialism and logotherapy are two areas I will continue to explore. References Frankl, Viktor. (1946). Man’s Search for Meaning. New York: Washington Square Press. Holman, C. Hugh. (1972). A Handbook to Literature. New York: Odyssey Press. Kottler, Jeffery A. , Brown, Robert W. (2000). Introduction to Therapeutic Counseling. Stamford, CT: Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning. Scully, Matthew. Viktor Frankl at ninety: an interview. First Things, 52, 39-43. Victor Frankl Institute. http://logotherapy. univie. ac. at/.

Imaging Techniques for Intestinal Obstruction

Imaging Techniques for Intestinal Obstruction The small intestine is the only part of the gastrointestinal tract that is essential for life. It serves a neuroendocrine function, a digestive function (propulsion, mixing and absorption of food), and a secretory function. The liver, gallbladder and pancreas are accessory organs of the digestive system that is closely associated with the small intestine. The villous surface improves absorption by increasing the overall surface area. In addition to absorption nutrients, it is responsible for most water reabsorption in the GI tract (Edward, 1998). The small intestine is made up of three segments, which form a passage from stomach (the opening between stomach and small intestine is called the pylorus) to large intestine. It is duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The duodenum is this short section is the part of the small intestine that takes in semi digested from stomach through the pylorus and continues the digestion process. The duodenum also uses bile from the gallbladder, liver and pancreas to help digest food. The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine carries food through rapidly, with wave-like muscle contractions, towards the ileum. The last segment is ileum. The ileum is the longest part of small intestine. It is where most of the nutrients from food are absorbed before emptying into the large intestine (UPMC, 2010). By the time food reaches small intestine, it has already been broken up and mashed into liquid by stomach. Each day, small intestine receives between one and three gallons (or six to twelve liters) of this liquid. The small intestine carries out most of the digestive process, absorbing almost all of the nutrients get from foods into bloodstream. The walls of the small intestine make digestive juices or enzymes that work together with enzymes from the liver and pancreas to do this. Although the small intestine is narrower than the large intestine, it is actually the longest section of the digestive tube, measuring about 22 feet (or seven meters) on average, or three-and-a-half times the length of body (UPMC, 2010). 1.2 Large Intestine The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine. It begins at the ileocecal junction, where the ileum enters the large intestine and ends at the anus. The large intestine consists of the colon, rectum and anal canal. Its primary function is to secrete mucin and form stool for excretion. It reabsorbs water and electrolytes but to a much lesser extent than the small intestine. It does not have sodium cotransport system (Edward, 1998). Unlike small intestine, the large intestine produces no digestive enzymes. The wall of the large intestine has the same types of tissue that are found in other parts of the digestive tract but there are some distinguishing characteristics. The mucosa has a large number of goblet cells but does not have any villi. The longitudinal muscle layer, although present, is incomplete. The longitudinal muscle is limited to three district bands, called teniae coli that run the entire length of the colon (National Cancer Institute, 2012). The rectum continues from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal and has a thick muscular layer. It follows the curvature of the sacrum and is firmly attached to it by connective tissue. The rectum and ends about 5 cm below the tip of the coccyx at the beginning of the anal canal. The last 2 to 3 cm of the digestive tract is the anal canal, which continues from the rectum and opens to the outside at the anus. The mucosa of the rectum is folded to form longitudinal anal columns. The smooth muscle layer is thick and forms the internal anal sphincter at the superior end of the anal canal (National Cancer Institute, 2012). 1.3 Intestinal Obstruction Intestinal obstruction, also called ileus (from the Greek eilo, meaning to roll up) (Ivan, 1996). Intestinal obstruction is refers to a lack of movement of the intestinal contents through the intestine. Because of its smaller lumen, obstructions are more common and occur more rapidly in small intestine, but they can occur in large intestine as well. Depending on the cause and location, obstruction may manifest as an acute problem or a gradually developing situation. For example, twisting of the intestine could cause sudden total obstruction, whereas a tumor leads to progressive obstruction (Barbara, 2002). Obstruction of the intestine causes the bowel to become vulnerable to ischemia. The intestinal mucosal barrier can be damaged, allowing intestinal bacteria to invade the intestinal wall and causing fluid exudation, which leads to hypovolemic and dehydration. About 7L of fluid per day is secreted into the small intestine and stomach and usually reabsorbed. During obstruction, fluid accumulates, causing abdominal distention and pressure on the mucosal wall, which can lead to peritonitis and perforation (Unbound Medicine, 2011). Intestinal obstruction is most common on elderly individuals, due to the higher incidence of neoplasm and other causative diseases in this population. In neonates, intestinal obstruction may be caused by imperforate anus or other anatomic abnormalities. Obstruction may also be secondary to meconium ileus. In paediatric population, Hirschsprung disease can resemble intestinal obstruction (Christy, 2011). Intestinal obstruction occurs in two forms. Mechanical obstructions are those resulting from tumor, adhesions, hernias or other tangible obstructions. Functional, or adynamic, obstructions result from neurologic impairment, such as spinal cord injury or lack of propulsion in the intestine and are often referred to as paralytic ileus. Adynamic or paralytic ileus usually related to inflammation or the disruption of innervation (Barbara, 2002). 2 CAUSES OF DISEASE Intestinal obstruction can be caused by many different things. It occurs in two basic types which is mechanical obstruction and paralytic ileus. Functional obstruction or paralytic ileus is one of the major causes of the intestinal obstruction in infants and children. It is common in the following situations: after abdominal surgery, in which the effects of the anesthetic combined with inflammation or ischemia in the operative area interfere with conduction of nerve impulses in the initial stage of spinal cord injuries (spinal shock) with inflammation related to severe ischemia in pancreatitis, peritonitis, or infection in the abdominal cavity with hypokalemia, mesenteric thrombosis or toxaemia kidney or lung disease Mechanical obstruction may result from the following: Scar tissue in the belly, often called adhesions. This tissue can wrap around a piece of bowel. The contents of the bowel are prevented from moving normally through the intestine Bowel that twits on itself or develops a bad kink. This is called volvulus Fecal impaction or hard stool that cannot pass through the bowel Cancer such as colon cancer or cancer of the pancreas Hernias is protrusion of the abdominal contents through the abdominal wall (Barbara, 2002) 3 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY When mechanical obstruction of the flow of intestinal contents occurs, a sequence of events develops as follows. First, intestinal obstruction occurs when gases and fluids accumulate in the area proximal to the blockage, distending the intestine. Gases arise primarily from swallowed air but also from bacterial activity in the intestine. Second, increasingly strong contractions of the proximal intestine occur in an effort to move the contents onward. The increasing pressure in the lumen leads to more secretions entering the intestine and also compresses the veins in the wall, preventing absorption, as the intestinal wall becomes edematous. The intestinal distention leads to persistent vomiting with additional loss of fluid and electrolytes. With small intestinal obstruction, there is no opportunity to reabsorb fluid and electrolytes, and hypovolemia quickly results (Barbara, 2002). If the obstruction is not removed, the intestinal wall becomes ischemic and necrotic as the arterial blood supply to the tissue is reduced by the pressure. If twisting of the intestine (e.g.: volvulus) has occurred or if immediate compression of arteries (e.g.: intussusception or strangulated hernia) results from the primary cause of obstruction, the intestinal wall becomes rapidly necrotic and gangrenous. Ischemia and necrosis of the intestinal wall eventually lead to decreased innervation and cessation of peristalsis. A decrease in bowel sounds indicates this change. Usually, the obstruction promotes rapid reproduction of intestinal bacteria, some of which produce endotoxins. As the affected intestinal wall becomes necrotic and more permeable, intestinal bacteria or toxins can leak into peritoneal cavity (peritonitis) or into the blood supply (bacteremia and septicemia). In time, perforation of the necrotic segment may occur, leading to generalized peritonitis (Barbara, 2002). For functional obstruction or paralytic ileus usually results from neurologic impairment. Peristalsis ceases and distention of the intestine occurs as fluids and electrolytes accumulate in the intestine. In this type of obstruction, reflex spasms of the intestinal muscle do not occur, but the remainder of the process is similar to that of mechanical obstruction (Barbara, 2002). 4  SIGN AND SYMPTOMS With mechanical obstruction of the small intestine, severe colicky abdominal pain develops as peristalsis increase initially, nausea and constipation characterizing small bowel obstruction. It may also cause drowsiness intense thirst, malaise and aching may dry up oral mucous membranes and the tongue. Borborygmi are audible rumbling sounds caused by movement of gas in the intestine and intestinal rushes can be heard as the intestinal muscle forcefully contracts in an attempt to propel the contents forward. These are loud enough to be heard without stethoscope. Palpation elicits abdominal tenderness with moderate distention; rebound tenderness occurs when obstruction has caused strangulation with ischemia. The signs of paralytic ileus differ significantly in that bowel sounds decrease or are absent and pain is steady. Vomiting and abdominal distension occur quickly with obstruction of the small intestine. Vomiting is recurrent and consists first gastric contents and then bile-stained duodenal contents. No stool or gas is passed. Restlessness and diaphoresis with tachycardia is present initial. As hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalance progress, signs of dehydration, weakness, confusion and shock are apparent (Barbara, 2002). Signs and symptoms of large bowel obstruction develop more slowly because the colon can absorb fluid from its contents and distend well beyond its normal size. Constipation may be only clinical effect for days. Colicky abdominal pain may then appear suddenly, producing spasms that last less than 1 minute each and recur every few minutes. Continuous hypogastric pain and nausea may develop, but vomiting is usually absent at first. Large bowel obstruction can cause dramatic abdominal distention; loops of the large bowel may become visible on the abdomen. Eventually, complete large bowel obstruction may cause fecal vomiting, continuous pain or localized peritonitis. Patients with partial obstruction may display any of the above signs and symptoms in a milder form. However, leakage of liquid stool around the obstruction is common in partial obstruction (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007). 5  IMAGING MODALITIES 5.1 Laboratory Test Laboratory evaluation of patients with suspected obstruction should include a complete blood count and metabolic panel. Hypokalemic, hypochlomeric metabolic alkalosis may be noted in patients with severe emesis. Elevated blood urea nitrogen levels are consistent with dehydration, and haemoglobin and hemotocrit levels may be increased. The white blood cell count may be elevated if intestinal bacteria translocate into the bloodstream. It can cause the systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. The development of metabolic acidosis especially in a patient with an increasing serum lactate level, may signal bowel ischemia (Patrick G. Jackson Manish Raiji, 2011). 5.2 Plain Radiography The initial imaging study of choice for confirming bowel obstruction with clinical signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction should include pain upright abdominal radiography. This radiography can quickly determine if intestinal perforation has occurred. The free air can be seen above the liver in upright films or left lateral decubitus films. Radiography is 60-70% sensitivity for detection of small bowel obstruction and it performs better in high-grade obstruction. Radiography can be find the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction include distended loops of small bowel, collapsed colon, the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"string of pearls sign resulting from small amount of residual air compared with the large amount of retained fluid and pseudotumour related to distended fluid filled loops. In large bowel obstruction, it is important to note the degree of caecal distension on the plain abdominal films, since marked distension will point to the need for urgent decompression to prevent caecal perforation. In patients with small bowel obstruction, supine views show dilation of multiple loops of small bowel with a paucity of air in the large bowel (Figure 4). Those with large bowel obstruction may have dilation of the colon with decompressed small bowel in the setting of the competent ileocecal valve. Upright or lateral decubitus films may show laddering air fluid level (Figure 5). These findings show in conjunction with a lack of air and stool in the distal colon and rectum are highly suggestive of mechanical intestinal obstruction (Patrick G. Jackson Manish Raiji, 2011). Limitations: Fails to diagnose the cause of obstruction in most cases In obstruction of ileocaecal region, it may be difficult to determine whether the level in the proximal large bowel or distal ileum Cannot reliably detect the presence of ischaemic complication 5.3 Computed Tomography 5.3.1 Small bowel obstruction Generally, it is considered the imaging modality of choice when plain abdominal radiography and the clinical features suggest an acute small bowel obstruction. CT is sensitive for detection of high-grade obstruction (90-96%). Although CT is highly sensitive and specific for high-grade obstruction, its value diminishes in patients with partial obstruction. In these patients, oral contrast material may be seen traversing the length of the intestine to the rectum with no discrete area of transition. It useful in: Confirming or excluding small bowel obstruction (versus pseudo-obstruction) Defining the degree and site of obstruction Identifying the cause of small bowel obstruction (73-95% sensitivity) Confirming or excluding the diagnosis of ischaemia (>90% sensitivity and specificity) The advantages are: Superior to enteroclysis in showing extraluminal masses, revealing abscesses, malignancy, anterior adhesions as well as features of strangulation. It is ability to depict other causes of an acute abdomen The limitations: Lower sensitivity (approximately 50%) for the detection and location of low-grade small bowel obstruction (Diagnostic Imaging Pathways, 2009) 5.3.2 Large Bowel Obstruction It indicated as an alternative to contrast enema in evaluation of large bowel obstruction, particularly with elderly and immobile patients. CT findings in patients with intestinal obstruction include dilated loops of bowel proximal to the site of obstruction with distally decompressed bowel. The presence of discrete transition point helps guide operative planning (Figure 6). Absence of contrast material in the rectum is also an important sign of complete obstruction. For this reason, rectal administration of contrast material should be avoided (Patrick G. Jackson Manish Raiji, 2011). The advantages are: Does not require insertion of rectal tube and contrast and is therefore better tolerated than a contrast enema In one study, successfully diagnosed colonic obstruction in 96% of patients and pseudo-obstruction in 93% of patients The limitations for this are false negative and false positive results and limited diagnostic with partly obstructing lesions (Diagnostic Imaging Pathways, 2009). Figure 6: Axial computed tomography scan showing dilated, contrast- filled loops of bowel on the patientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s left (yellow arrows), with decompressed distal small bowel on the patientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s right (red arrows). The cause of obstruction, an increased umbilical hernia, can also be seen (green arrows), with proximally dilated bowel entering the hernia and decompressed bowel exiting the hernia (Patrick G. Jackson Manish Raiji, 2011). 5.4 Contrast Fluoroscopy Contrast studies, such as small bowel follow-through, can be helpful in the diagnosis of a partial intestinal obstruction in patients with high clinical suspicion and in clinically stable patients in whom initial conservative management was not effective. The use of water-soluble contrast material is not only diagnostic, but may be can use for therapeutic in patients with partial small-bowel obstruction. Contrast fluoroscopy may also be useful in determining the area of intestine that need for surgery (Patrick G. Jackson Manish Raiji, 2011). There are several variations of contrast fluoroscopy. In the small bowel follow-through study, the patient drinks contrast material, then serial abdominal radiographs are taken to visualize the passage of contrast through the intestinal tract. The advantage of small bowel follow-through is does not require nasointestinal intubation, and compared to enteroclysis, it is easier to perform and does not require additional expertise. The limitations for this procedure are they take time for contrast to reach the obstruction and barium is diluted because of excess residual intraluminal fluid resulting in non-uniform small bowel filling (Diagnostic Imaging Pathways, 2009). Enteroclysis involves naso- or aro-duodenal intubation, followed by the instillation of contrast material directly into the small bowel. Although this study has superior sensitivity compared with small bowel follow through, it is more labor-intensive and is rarely performed. The advantage enteroclysis are it has ability to gauge the severity of obstruction objectively. The limitations are it need for nasoenteric intubation and demonstration of extrinsic causes is sometimes difficult. Rectal fluoroscopy can be helpful in determining the site of a suspected large bowel obstruction (Patrick G. Jackson Manish Raiji, 2011) 5.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be more sensitive than CT in the evaluation of intestinal obstruction. MRI enteroclysis, which involves intubation of the duodenum and infusion of contrast material directly into small bowel. It can more reliably determine the location and cause of obstruction. However, MRI is not universally available and very expensive (Patrick G. Jackson Manish Raiji, 2011). 5.6 Ultrasonography In patients with high-grade obstruction, ultrasound evaluation of the abdomen has high sensitivity for intestinal obstruction, approaching 85 percent. However, because of the wide availability of CT, it has largely replaced ultrasonography as the first-line investigation in stable patients with suspected intestinal obstruction. Ultrasonography remains a valuable investigation for unstable patients with an ambiguous diagnosis and in patients that contraindication with radiation exposure, such as pregnant women (Patrick G. Jackson Manish Raiji, 2011).

Joe Keller as the Tragic Hero in Millers All My Sons Essays -- Arthur

Joe Keller as the Tragic Hero in Miller's All My Sons Ancient Greek tragedies were almost always about a protagonist with a tragic flaw. This flaw dictates the stories events and leads to the eventual downfall of the protagonist. The story cannot end until the protagonist has realised his flaw and tries to remedy it. This very often involves the protagonist dieing in an attempt to make right what wrongs he may have caused. Arthur Miller has borrowed this idea as a base for his play ‘All My Sons’. The protagonist of this play is Joe Keller, a sixty-year-old retired factory owner. The play follows the story of him and his family ; his wife Kate, his son Chris and Chris’ fiancà ©e Annie in 1940’s suburban America. The play reveals that Joe committed a crime; he knowingly sent out faulty cylinder heads for use in the war and then blamed his partner, Annie’s dad, who went to prison instead of Joe. Kate also knows he did this and is struggling to keep the secret. However, she feels she has to believe he didn’t do it or it means that he would have been responsible for the death of their other son Larry, who they believed died flying planes in the war. Joe is a victim of the American Dream. He wanted to do the best he could by his family, and in his quest for money, forgot about the greater scheme of things in the world. This is his major flaw-he cannot see beyond the forty foot line that surrounds himself and his family. He thinks what he is doing will help his family but by making the ill-considered decision he makes, he ends up hurting them more than helping them. At the start of the play, the audience is not aware of any of Joe’s misdeeds. He is portrayed by Miller as a friendly man, who is a pillar ... ...r characters think of Joe, and also what he is thinking himself, without the plot being too obvious and being revealed too early. The way that Miller uses these dramatic devices to piece together the story slowly makes for a very effective tension builder, which will keep the audience captivated throughout. Miller makes it easy for the audience to identify that Joe is a tragic hero right from the start. As soon as the audience is aware that Joe is keeping a secret is it obvious that he has committed an offence, which he is going to suffer for. Miller then shows the audience Joe’s suffering, mostly through dialogue he has with the other characters. He then uses mostly stage directions to let the audience know how the play has finished, which is a very effective way to show his suicide, as it is not too brash, and perhaps unsympathetic of the situation.

Psychological gambling Essay

Abstract: Few studies have explored the relationship between gambling and health status. Both compulsive and pathological gambling are disorders related to obsession-compulsive disorder. The data supports the notion that gambling does affect with non-gambling health problems. The purpose of this article is to provide the information between gambling behaviors and substance use disorders, health associations, screening and treatment options for problem and pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is an addictive and stress proposing disorder. More research is needed to investigate directly the biological and health relations associated with the different types of gambling behaviors and to define the role for doctors or therapists in the prevention and treatment of problem and pathological gambling. There are many types of gambling that people indulge in today. People of all ages have been seduced by gambling. Gambling is done every day, so as it continues to grow, so does the debt of the American people. Attractions such as online casinos with jackpots equivalent to ten years salary and simple sports booking, makes it more common today than it was yesterday. Gambling is hard to resist because it offers a feeling of hope, and defines that thin line between reality and fantasy that ends with a mental payoff. The main question with this concern is; is it all about the money? It couldn’t be all about the money, unless the general public was extremely stupid. The odds of winning the lottery are lesser than the odds of someone being struck by lightning (1 in 649,739) or than someone being killed by a terrorist attack abroad (1 in 650,000). (7). It has been said, â€Å"If you bought 100 tickets a week your entire adult life, from the age of 18 to 75, you’d have a 1 percent chance of winning the lottery†. (7) Now, a number of psychological studies have been done which indicate that the desire to play the lottery has more to do with the inability or unconcern of a person to calculate the total sum of their own money over time spent of these dollar tickets. The hope and fantastic feeling they receive is worth more than the dollar they give the 7-11 clerk at that time. Casino games create a different sensation. Whether it be cards, slots, or dice games after being seated in front of it for an hour or two there will generally be a win, some kind of win. Usually that win is small. It serves the person, or the brain, with a sort of reward. The reward entices the person to want to continue their game so to get another reward (7). The basis for this affirmative award is biological. Research done at the Massachusetts General Hospital has showed similar brain activity induced by prize money to food and drug rewards. The scientists measuring this brain activity compared it with giving a cocaine addict an infusion of cocaine. (2) An experiment was set up wherein the brain activity of the subjects was measured while they gambled. â€Å"Each subject was offered one of three spinners: a ‘good spinner’ offered them a chance to earn $10, $2. 50, or nothing; an ‘intermediate spinner’ offered $2. 50, $0, or -$1. 50; and a ‘bad spinner’ let them win nothing or lose, -$1. 50 or -$6. † (3) The brain activity was measured with a high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging, otherwise known as an fMRI, while they were spinning for six seconds and after then after they had spun. The results showed that the brain activity proved to be strong, moderate, and low in accordance with the level of spinning – good, intermediate and bad. The proportions always demonstrated the expected brain activity. The scientists performing this experiment came to the conclusion that money serves as the same type of reward to humans as does drugs and food; it sets into motion a reward mechanism in the brain providing relative stimulus to the amount of reward or loss which is taking place. â€Å"The similarity suggests that a common brain circuitry is used for various types of rewards. â€Å"(3) Considering the conclusion of this experiment to be true, there still remains an unsettling question pertaining to gambling and brain circuitry. Why do some people gamble more than others? At first I searched for some demographic conclusions to support a hypothesis that some group of people gambled more than others. However, there simply isn’t much discrimination when it comes to gambling. The National Opinion Research Center, a government based study, showed that there is no gender gap in terms of gambling: the 1998 statistic showed 49% women and 51% men gamble in general. (1) The consensus showed that all different ages gamble. Some specifications were made like people between thirty and sixty tended to gamble with more money than the younger and older, but that seems natural because that range probably gains the most salary. It also specified that those under eighteen tended to play less in casino, lottery and horse races but that is because they were not allowed in. Thus, those under eighteen were showed to make more wagers outside of a gambling facility than the other age groups. Depending on the game, there seemed to be a pretty even distribution of race among gamblers. The bottom line being; the desire to gamble does not depend on any specific background or gender or age or culture. It depends on the human desire to gain monetary pleasure, to get something for little to nothing, to be rewarded via dollars rather than food or drugs. The demographic statistics and equalities listed above still do not account for why some crave gambling more than others. Distinctions have been made among gamblers. The categories are as follows: non-gambler, low-risk gambler, at-risk gambler, problem gambler and pathological gambler. (1) The desire to gamble becomes increasingly more prevalent and obsessive as the levels progress. A pathological gambler, according to the DSM-IV criteria is constantly preoccupied with gambling, increases the amounts of money spent over time on gambling so not to achieve a tolerance, cannot stop gambling, gambles as an escape, attempts to ‘break even’ after having lost money, lies constantly to friends and family about gambling, sometimes commits illegal acts to support gambling, risks significant relationships, jobs, or education for gambling, and uses the financial help of others to be ‘bailed out’ of some situation caused by gambling. (1) Why are these people so obsessed with gambling that it takes over their lives? It has been hypothesized that pathological gamblers have dysfunctional reward pathways. â€Å"When the pathways function correctly, one important result is a release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that can stimulate pleasurable feelings. † Pathological gamblers have been proven to have lower activity in an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters. This may create a problem for serotonin distribution. Also, researchers have identified a greater amount of certain genetic configurations in pathological gamblers, a variation which may be responsible for the deficient reward pathway. (4) The medication prescribed to some of these pathological gamblers who were tested increased their serotonin levels and seemed to have positive effects in the way of their resisting the urge to gamble. Many equate the pathological desire to gamble with a problem in the decision-making area of the brain, a constant lapse in judgment so to speak. The areas of the brain associated with the decision-making process are the middle frontal, inferior frontal and orbital gyrus. (4) While this neurological analysis may offer some understanding to why people gamble for reward purposes, it does not explain the bigger relationship between human beings and gambling. Gambling does not necessarily need to involve money; it can instead be translated to a risk. People gamble everyday whether it be the tasting of a new food or skipping an important business meeting. It seems that gambling is a part of life necessary to perpetuate the human species. Diversification, a part of natural life, involves adapting to different environments and niches. Say a bee only acquired nutrients from one specific flower, never venturing out to samples other types of pollen, what would happen? Suppose one winter that specific type of flower failed to survive, or some sort of spontaneous extinction occurred, all the bees who fed off this flower would become extinct as well. The same sort of thing may occur if a person moved to a different country, wherein the food looked completely different. In order to stay alive, that person would have to take a chance on a new type of diet. Human beings, as well as a majority of the remaining Animal Kingdom are inclined to diversify and adapt to new surroundings in order to stay strong and able to perpetuate their species. The same notion of adaptation for survival applies to drastic temperature changes and the effect it has on the body. (5) â€Å"Although shell temperature is not regulated within narrow limits the way internal body temperature is, thermoregulatory responses do strongly affect the temperature of the shell, and especially its outermost layer, the skin. † The temperature of the environment is directly related to the thickness of this shell. If the shell is needed to conserve heat, it may expand to a several centimeters underneath the skin’s surface, however, if the environment is warm, then the shell will tend to only be about one centimeter thick. This shell of warmth protects people in the case that they wish to change environmental settings, or so the same species can survive in all different locations. The complex nature of the human body responds well to their desire to gamble, to diversify, to extend their minds and risk. Whether it be monetary, behavioral or just plain desire to risk, humans are drawn towards the new and the chancy.It is the danger of loss and the thrill of life that keeps us breathing. Works Consulted: 1)Alvarez,A. The Biggest Game in Town. New York: Chronicle Books, 2002. 2)Brunson,Doyle. Doyle Brunson’s Super System. Cardoza Pub, 1979. 3)Dostoeyevsky,Fyodor. The Gambler. New York: Viking Press, 1966. 4)http://www. norc. uchicago. edu/new/gamb-fin. htm 5)http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2001/05/010524062100. htm 6)http://www. sciam. com/article. cfm? articleID=0004400A-E6F5-1C5E-B882809EC588ED9F 7)http://www. gnxp. com/MT2/archives/001309. html 8)http://www. reflection-idea. com/psychics. html.